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To protect beach amenity value, the prevention of coastal erosion is critical. With factors like climate change and sea level rise there's never been more need for well designed measures against coastal erosion. Seawalls are a great example of one solution. But is a seawall suitable for your site/project? This article reviews the advantages and disadvantages of seawalls and how to determine suitability for you site. What is a seawall? A seawall is a manmade barrier constructed where the land meets the sea. Their main purposes are: To prevent land loss through the coastal erosion process To hold the land in position, creating a permanent/fixed border in the case of marine infrastructure, like marinas or harbours. There are many different types of seawall (both in design and material makeup), that perform differently under various exposed conditions. And there is not necessarily one ‘best’ kind of seawall, as each site has its own unique requirements and interacts with the dynamic coastal environment in their own way. In most cases, seawalls are exposed to the natural conditions and can therefore be seen. This can disrupt the aesthetic of a location. However, without the seawall, the natural conditions may be subject to serious erosional damage and land loss. This may be due to natural causes, such as high wave conditions, or man-made changes, such as disruption to the coastline/the natural sand and water flow which can create erosion ‘hotspots’ that need coastal erosion solutions . Types of Seawalls While the advantages and disadvantages of seawalls can vary depending on the design, several factors influence which type is best suited for your site. These factors include: Cost Visual aesthetic Sit location in the coastal zone Functionality and usability Impact on the site/environment These factors should be taken into consideration when choosing the right type of seawall for the site to deter from unwanted disadvantages of seawalls. The most common types of seawall include: Sloped Sewall Stepped Seawall Vertical Sewall Curved Sewall Stacked or Module Seawall There are also combinations of the above mentioned. And, each of these different types of seawalls can be made of different types of material (discussed in the following sections). Emergency or Temporary Seawalls In many coastal locations around the globe the beaches are considered government or state land. Typically, in these instances, government approvals are required before there can be any construction of seawall structures (especially if they are going to directly touch/impact the beach). In some cases, where there is a direct threat to property or infrastructure, an emergency or temporary seawall may be installed/constructed without going through the typical approval process. Note that regulations can very significantly between states and local governments, so it is always best to check on which approvals are required (as some locations implement what is called 'managed retreat' whereby you may not be able to build any kind of seawall, temporary or not). Emergency or temporary seawalls can be built quickly and are often made using material that is easy to remove if/when it is necessary. These include materials like geotextile sand containers and other emergency flood protection filling modules. Advantages and Disadvantages of Seawalls for Emergency Works Like all coastal erosion protection structures there are advantages and disadvantages, with the emergency or temporary works there are a few things to consider. Advantages: Typically, works can be performed quickly bypassing the lengthy approval process required for some other types of seawalls Generally, as the emergency or temporary works are not designed for longevity, they can be built cheaper (depending on the materials used/site conditions) that traditionally, long-term, exposed seawalls In many cases, the emergency works could be removed if necessary. Disadvantages: Quick installation of emergency works may not be the best long-term solution and therefore, the temp works may need to be removed at some point for better long term solutions Quick, cheap solutions may not have the best aesthetic to match the site Exposed Seawalls This is the most common type of seawall. These seawalls are designed to be permanently exposed to the ocean and wave environment. Seawalls interact with the coastal processes of a sandy beach in terms of onshore/offshore sand transport and local longshore sand transport when present in the active zone. Numerous papers evaluate the influence of seawalls based on their location in the active prism and the long-term beach stability – accreting, stable, nourished, or eroding [2]. Nevertheless, a popular and too simplistic idea prevails that seawalls cause coastal erosion and destroy beaches. Consequently, seawalls are often disregarded during option evaluations. An exposed seawall in the surf zone under wave attack would result in reflection and scour in front of the wall and/or accelerated erosion along the seawall, despite eroded volumes being 60 percent of what they would be without the seawall [1]. Refer to ICM’s Coastal Conference Paper on Terminal Seawalls for more info. Advantages and Disadvantages of Seawalls that are Exposed Advantages The biggest and most obvious advantage of exposed seawalls is that they mitigate wave energy from hitting the landmass Exposed seawalls can be used to reshape natural or man-made coastal areas by creating a solid edge/definitive line In most cases, seawalls are used to prevent land loss behind the wall, thereby preserving property or infrastructure Disadvantages Seawalls by design stop/reduce wave energy from passing through or over the wall. This wave energy therefore is either reflected or redistributed somewhere else. Often, part of the wave energy is reflected back to the sea which can create an erosion hotspot at the base of the seawall itself (referred to as scour). Through proper coastal engineering design, scour can be accounted for and therefore built into the seawall design to reduce the scour effect If seawalls are built out of the natural beach alignment the can act as a kind of groyne and disrupt the longshore sand transport to beaches/properties on the leeward side of the wall Exposed seawalls look man-made (as they are) and can therefore take away from the natural beauty of a site (atheistic interruption) It should be noted that proper designed seawalls by experienced coastal engineers can improve site protection and mitigate negative impacts. Get in touch today to speak with real coastal engineering experts in the field of rock wall design . Terminal Seawalls Seawalls that are situated as far inland as possible from "normal" beach changes are termed terminal seawalls. These structures are only active during severe erosion events and remain buried under normal circumstances. A terminal wall, which is often buried within the dune buffer zone, limits erosion during severe events and serves as a clear planning boundary between the active beach and permitted development. Due to the fact that these occurrences may only occur for brief periods a few times per hundred years, the potential for negative impacts on the beach is equally brief. Advantages and Disadvantages of Terminal Seawalls Advantages One of the greatest advantages of terminal seawalls over exposed seawalls is there low visual impact As the seawall only becomes exposed during an extreme event, the storm demand is sourced from almost the entire upper beach profile and not just scour at the base of the seawall. The waves are generally depth limited and of smaller magnitude, resulting in a smaller structure with lower design requirements, less toe scour, and less overtopping Disadvantages Terminal seawalls only come into effect during extreme events when the rest of the beach profile has become eroded and are therefore a ‘last line of defences’ approach Think a terminal seawall may be suitable for your site? Revetment walls Revetment walls are essentially 'small' seawalls that are designed to absorb wave energy and reduce erosion. They can be sloped, stepped, or vertical walls made from durable materials such as rock, concrete, or geotextile containers (for emergency works). By dispersing the force of water, revetments protect canals, riverbanks, and infrastructure from damage during high tides, storms and floods. ​​ ​ How they work: Retain and protect land from erosion Absorb wave energy to prevent structural damage Serve as critical infrastructure for coastal and water-front properties Materials used for seawalls As mentioned previously, there are a wide range of materials used for seawalls. Each will have their own advantages and disadvantages depending on the site. Hard engineering design often refers to materials in seawalls such as: Rock Concrete Steel Gabions (rock baskets) Wood Composite Materials There are also ‘softer’ approaches using technologies such as: Sand filled geotextile containers Self-standing sand filled modules Green solutions are considered dune vegetation or landscaping. While this would not be considered a stand-alone seawall solution, it is often incorporated into the design process to reduce the visual impact and add a more ‘natural’ look to the site on completion. How Effective are Seawalls? Seawall effectiveness comes down to design and installation execution and can vary significantly (depending on how well the design is done). Seawalls can be very effective at protecting landmass from wave impact/erosion. In most cases it is not a question of the seawalls effectiveness of protecting the immediate site, however, how the seawall interacts with the surrounding coastal environment and adjacent sites is often the area of concern. When designing and installing seawalls, careful consideration should be taken into the long-term effects of the wall on the surrounding area. In conjunction with other coastal protection measures like beach nourishment, seawalls can be very effective in maintain both stable beaches and secure property lines. Do Seawalls Stop Tsunamis? Seawalls can be designed for a wide range of impact possibilities and wave conditions. From small waves (boat wake and wash), to large wave events such as Tsunamis and significant storm surge events. Experienced coastal engineers can determine which wave conditions need to be considered when designing seawalls at a site and can accommodate this into the design process. Designing and building seawalls to stop Tsunamis would require for instance, larger/heavier rock or modules with thicker overall width and higher design crests. Do Seawalls Erode Beaches? As discussed, there is a misconception that seawalls only erode beaches. One of the disadvantages of seawalls (if not designed properly) is that they can have negative effect on the immediate beach, through wave reflection and scour. They can also have negative effects on the surrounding beaches and adjacent properties. If designed properly inconjunction with a hollistic approach to coastal protection, they can be very effective. Therefore, it is critical to engage with experienced coastal engineers when considering seawalls as a solution for your site. Are Seawalls Sustainable? Sustainability in design can consider a few different elements: The materials used The impact on the site (and surrounding sites) Sustainability relative to the materials themselves will vary greatly depending on the material source relative the proposed site. For example, quarried rock is often used is seawall design and construction. In areas with accessibility to quarried rock (assuming the quarries themselves are operated in a sustainable way, which may relate to things like volume of rock available vs. time impact on the environment, etc.) the rock may be a viable choice with relatively low transport costs associated. In areas where no quarried rock is available, there may be options to ship in rock or use locally available material such as coral rock, or sand (into containers). In summary, there is no clear-cut answer to sustainability in seawalls as each site and design will vary significantly. It should be noted that sustainability in design is something that needs to be considered for a holistic approach. Are seawalls expensive? The cost of a seawall at different sites can vary significantly. Factor effecting cost include: The design itself Some sites will require larger seawalls to protect against high power wave/storm conditions Some sites will require smaller walls The material Depending on which material type is used it will determine the constructability and associated costs, transport to site costs, etc. In all coastal erosion protection design there are few different costs to consider: Capital cost The upfront cost to design and build the structure The maintenance cost Any ongoing maintenance that may be required In general, higher capital cost require lower ongoing maintenance. Whereas lower capital cost may require more ongoing/higher maintenance costs. Are seawalls affordable to maintain? As mentioned above, the maintenance cost of seawalls will depend heavily on the type of design and material used. For example, at a remote site where no quarried rock is available, coral rock may be used which would be a lower capital cost than importing quarried rock. However, over time, the coral rock will not likely hold up in storm conditions as long as quarry rock. Therefore, the coral rock seawall may need to be maintained with additional coral rock or completely replaced. These kinds of capital vs. long term costs will need to be considered when deciding on seawall material and design. What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Seawalls? In summary, there are plenty of advantages and disadvantaged of seawalls. For the most part, seawalls are a very effective way of maintaining a structural line for land and property protection. The main disadvantages of seawalls are that they can create localised erosion. This can be at the base of the seawall itself or at adjacent properties. If designed properly in conjunction with a hollisitc approrach to site resilience building, seawalls can be very effective. Looking at implementing a seawall to your property? Be sure to consult with an industry professional (experienced coastal engineer). Or if you're looking for seawall alternatives, consider a variety of coastal resilient measures like Multi Purpose Artificial Reefs in conjunction with nearshore nourishment . Contact us today for consultation to determine which seawall is right for you. Read more about artificial reefs or sand bypassing systems as a coastal erosion solution. References: [1] Barnett, M.R., "Laboratory Study of the Effects of a Vertical Seawall on Beach Profile Response," UFL/COEL-87/005, University of Florida, Coastal & Oceanographic Engineering Department, Gainesville, FL, May, 1987. [2] Dean, R. G. and Dalrymple, R. A. (2004). Coastal Processes and Engineering Applications. Cambridge University Press. pp. 404-406

On the Gold Coast, coastal dunes play a vital role in building natural defences against erosion and storms, creating a dynamic landscape where urban development and natural beauty coexist. These sand dunes not only enhance the region’s coastal resilience but also provide essential protection for the shoreline. International Coastal Management (ICM) has been a leader in implementing nature-based solutions that restore and strengthen coastal dunes, ensuring a sustainable balance between development and the coastal environment. Read on to learn all about sand dunes, how they are formed, and their role in resilience. Table of Contents: What Are Coastal Dunes? How Are Coastal Dunes Formed on a Coast? How do Sand Dunes Prevent Coastal Erosion? The Role of Gold Coast Sand Dunes in Coastal Management and Resilience The Gold Coast - A Model for Coastal Sand Dune Management Urban Dunes in Coastal City Planning Using Sand Dunes for Coastal Resilience Sand Dune Restoration How does Dune Fencing Help the Development of Sand Dunes? Want to Develop Coastal Resilience Strategies for your Coastline or Property? What Are Coastal Dunes? Coastal dunes are naturally occurring formations along the shoreline, consisting of windblown sand that accumulates to create protective barriers. Dunes are essential for maintaining coastal resilience by acting as a buffer between the land and sea. They can help absorb the energy of storms, reduce coastal erosion , and protect inland areas from flooding - but they're not a standalone solution. Why Are Sand Dunes Important? They are vital to sand management because they offer long-term benefits for protecting the shoreline. Their ability to absorb the impact of storms and high tides means that they can help reduce the frequency and severity of beach erosion , preserving the coastline and protecting communities. Well-maintained dunes also build biodiversity by providing habitats for plants and animals. How Are Coastal Dunes Formed on a Coast? Coastal sand dunes form when waves move sand onto the beach, and strong winds ( above 15-20 knots ) blow the sand further inland. This process, known as aeolian transport , deposits sand onto dunes. As the dunes grow, vegetation helps trap the sand, stabilising the dunes and preventing further inland movement. The primary dunes protect the coast, while secondary dunes, located further inland, develop with more mature vegetation and are less affected by erosion. While dunes act as natural barriers, they are not standalone solutions to coastal erosion. Their stability and effectiveness depend on the broader dynamics of the coastal system. Successful dune management must also consider the Top of Beach (dunes and vegetation), Bottom of Beach (nearshore stability), and Sediment Supply (sand movement and sources). Adding dunes alone may not suffice if other critical factors are overlooked. How do Sand Dunes Prevent Coastal Erosion? The natural exchange of sand between the sea and the dunes dictates the health of our coastlines. Mild conditions nourish the beach, while storms may carve away at the landscape, pushing sand offshore, creating protective sandbars. Dunes and their vegetation help mitigate this erosion, absorbing wave energy and trapping windblown sand to maintain the delicate balance of the coastal system. However, dunes are only part of the solution. Building sand dunes and vegetation without addressing underlying issues, such as disrupted sediment supply or unstable nearshore zones, can result in limited effectiveness. Our Coastal Resilience Framework, developed over decades of coastal engineering in Australia and globally, emphasises assessing the Top of Beach , Bottom of Beach , and Sediment Supply to develop comprehensive, sustainable coastal solutions that ensure dunes remain functional and effective over the long term. The Gold Coast: A Model for Sand Dune Management In the 1960s, the erosion crisis on the Gold Coast stripped dunes of vegetation, leaving coastal properties exposed and vulnerable. In response, our founder, Angus Jackson , working at the council at the time, introduced a t ransformative approach to sand dune management. By integrating beach nourishment, dune stabilisation, fencing, and vegetation planting, Jackson established a framework that has become synonymous with effective coastal management. This innovative strategy turned the Gold Coast into an internationally recognised model for coastal sand dune management, showcasing the power of natural defences in protecting urban beaches. Gold Coast Dunes - Before & After Key Innovations in Dune Management on the Gold Coast Angus Jackson's contributions during his time as Gold Coast's Director of Beaches and Waterways, included significant advances in policy and practical implementation. His efforts included: Extensive fencing and aerial fertilising trials to stabilise nourished dunes in non-urban areas. Policies for seawall construction and dune management in urban areas. Provisions that all excess sand excavated within 500m of the seawall line was to be placed on the beach and stabilised (previously sold for construction purposes). These measures set the foundation for the Gold Coast’s enduring coastal resilience. The Gold Coast Coastal Planning Policies The policies introduced in the 1980s and expanded in 1990 became foundational for coastal resilience on the Gold Coast: Policy 7 : Foreshore Rock Wall Design and Construction defined seawall construction standards and requirements for dune stabilisation. Policy 15 : Management of Coastal Dune Areas focused on preserving and enhancing dune systems for environmental, visual, and public access benefits. This policy outlined the following key principles for dune management: Stabilising dunes to minimise impacts of cyclonic winds on the natural and built environment adjacent to the active frontal dune area. Preventing sand losses from wind erosion. Establishing a sustainable habitat and wildlife corridors. Reinforcing the visual amenity with appropriate vegetation and public education. Facilitating safe public access through public land within dunal areas by defining access ways and public areas that can be maintained to a high standard with minimal impact on natural systems. Considering the privacy requirements of beachfront residents. Results and Long-Term Impact These policies were very effective and resulted in not only construction of an almost continuous terminal seawall but also facilitated the importation of over 1.5 million cubic metres of sand to form a substantial dune buffer. These measures transformed the Gold Coast into a resilient and visually stunning coastline, proving that thoughtful dune management can simultaneously protect properties, preserve ecosystems, and enhance public enjoyment. The Gold Coast Now: Seawalls + Dunes The Gold Coast’s policies have set a benchmark for coastal development. A central aspect of these policies is the requirement for new beachfront developments to rebuild existing seawalls if they are not up to standard or have degraded. These seawalls must meet Council’s strict design standards and align with the adopted foreshore seawall line, which follows the long-term primary dune alignment. Additionally, properties concerned about erosion or the integrity of their existing seawalls can proactively rebuild these structures, accompanied by dune stabilisation measures. By ensuring that seawalls are complemented with well-maintained dune systems, these policies enhance the stability of the foreshore, reinforce the natural protection offered by dunes, and preserve the visual and ecological value of the coastline. This holistic approach highlights the interconnected nature of seawalls, dune ecosystems, and sediment management in achieving long-term coastal resilience. ICM specialises in designing and constructing seawalls, dune stabilisation and vegetation plans that meet Gold Coast City Council standards. With decades of experience, we provide tailored solutions, ensuring seamless navigation through regulatory approvals to protect your beachfront investment while enhancing resilience. Urban Dunes and Coastal Resilience Coastal dunes are not just natural defenses; they are dynamic systems that can adapt to sea-level rise and evolving coastal conditions. On the Gold Coast, we've demonstrated how dunes can coexist with urban landscapes, blending erosion protection with enhanced livability. Looking ahead, urban dunes will play a pivotal role in climate change adaptation, offering a flexible buffer against rising seas and storm surges while buying critical time for emergency response. These strategies provide a blueprint for building resilient coastal cities worldwide, ensuring that natural defences work in harmony with urban development. Sand Dune Restoration Dunes are naturally dynamic systems, continually shifting and evolving in response to wave energy, storms and wind. The goal is to enhance resilience by reducing severity of erosion and introducing systems that help dunes rebuild and adapt over time.  There is no one-size-fits-all solution, each coastline requires a tailored approach, guided by engineering expertise to identify the most effective strategies. At ICM, we specialise in developing dune systems that protect coastlines while working with natural processes. Here are some potential solutions: The Top of the Beach: The dry beach area, where dunes, natural or engineered, retain sand and stabilise the coastline. Depending on the location, different solutions such as geotextile sand containers , coir logs, and dune fencing can enhance sand retention and protect fragile ecosystems. Dunes can also be developed to bury terminal seawalls. The Bottom of The Beach: Below the low-tide active zone, Nearshore Nourishment and Multi Purpose Artificial Reefs are two solutions that can dissipate wave energy and reduce storm impacts dependent on the site. These measures can reduce erosion effects on dune systems while maintaining natural coastal dynamics. Sediment Supply: Sustainable sediment supply is crucial for long-term success. Options such as sand bypassing systems, backpassing, and reusing locally sourced materials can help dunes remain robust and resilient over time. Our expertise, honed over decades on the Gold Coast, showcases how engineering solutions can work with nature, creating thriving, resilient coastlines that stand as global models for sustainable coastal management. How does Dune Fencing Help the Development of Sand Dunes? Dune fencing is a simple yet effective method to protect and restore coastal dunes. These fences are strategically placed to trap windblown sand, helping to build and stabilise dunes naturally. By reducing foot traffic they protect fragile vegetation that anchors the dunes, and when combined with other restoration efforts, dune fencing supports long-term coastal resilience and enhances ecosystem health. Why Can’t You Walk on Sand Dunes? Although coastal sand dunes may appear resilient, walking on them can severely damage the delicate vegetation that stabilises the sand. Without this vegetation, the dunes become vulnerable to wind erosion, and the sand can be lost inland or carried away by storms. This is why it’s essential to avoid walking on dunes and to use designated pathways to protect these vital coastal formations. Want to Develop Coastal Resilience Strategies for your Coastline or Property? Schedule a free 15-minute consultation with one of our experts. We’ll discuss your needs and explore how ICM can provide tailored solutions for your project.​​​ Acknowledgments We extend our gratitude to the City of Gold Coast and all those who have contributed to shaping its shores - from past councils to consultants and contractors - who have played a pivotal role in maintaining and protecting the coastline through innovative coastal sand dune management.

Artificial reefs are an innovative solution to the growing global challenge of coastal erosion, which threatens beaches, infrastructure, and ecosystems. While traditional approaches like seawalls and groynes provide some relief, they often disrupt natural processes. Artificial reefs are man-made structures designed to work with nature to protect coastlines, support marine life, and enhance recreational opportunities. Learn how artificial reefs can prevent erosion, their design process, and the transformative benefits they bring to our coastlines. What Are Artificial Reefs & How Do They Work? Artificial reefs are engineered structures placed on the seabed to replicate the functions of natural coral reefs. Unlike traditional "hard" engineering solutions, they work with natural processes to create sustainable outcomes. The benefits of artificial reefs include: Reduce Coastal Erosion : Acting as wave breakers, artificial reefs can dissipate wave energy before it reaches the shore, minimising the risk of erosion. Create Marine Habitats : These structures provide surfaces for marine organisms to attach and grow, create a fish habitat, and build biodiversity. Support Recreation : Artificial reefs can enhance surfing, snorkelling, and diving opportunities, making them valuable for tourism and local economies. The Evolution of Multipurpose Artificial Reefs The development of Multipurpose Artificial Reefs (MPARs) was inspired by the growing need to address two critical challenges: beach erosion and the degradation of marine ecosystems. Historically, coastal protection relied heavily on hard engineering solutions such as seawalls , breakwaters, and groynes. While these structures proved effective, they often detracted from the natural beauty of the coastline and offered limited ecological benefits. Multipurpose artificial reefs emerged as a response to these shortcomings, representing a paradigm shift in coastal management. Unlike traditional approaches, these reefs were designed to work with nature , rather than against it. They served as a dual-purpose solution, offering a coastal defence system while simultaneously encouraging marine ecosystems and recreational opportunities. A Case Study: The Gold Coast Multipurpose Artificial Reef The Gold Coast, with its iconic beaches and thriving tourism sector, has long been at the forefront of Australia’s coastal management efforts. However, this region has faced significant challenges due to coastal erosion , which threatened infrastructure, recreational spaces, and natural habitats. Traditional solutions like seawalls and groynes provided temporary relief, but sometimes at the expense of the natural dynamics of the coastline and visual amenity. As the understanding of coastal processes evolved, so did the realisation that a more integrated and sustainable approach was necessary to address the multifaceted challenges of coastal erosion and community needs. The Gold Coast Northern Beaches Protection Strategy To address these challenges, the Gold Coast launched the Northern Beaches Protection Strategy in the late 1990s. This comprehensive plan aimed to address erosion while preserving the natural beauty and functionality of the coastline. A key component of the strategy was the recognition that the protection of the coastline could not rely solely on traditional methods. Instead, it required a holistic approach that included nearshore nourishment , dune vegetation enhancement, and innovative solutions like the construction of multipurpose artificial reefs. The Role of Narrowneck Artificial Reef One of the flagship projects of the Northern Beaches Protection Strategy was the Narrowneck Artificial Reef , a pioneering example of how multipurpose artificial reefs can address erosion and enhance coastal environments. The reef was designed not only to stabilise the shoreline by reducing wave energy and encouraging sediment accumulation but also to enhance marine biodiversity and provide recreational opportunities, particularly for surfing. The artificial reef construction was based on a detailed understanding of coastal processes and the need for structures that could work in harmony with the natural dynamics of the coastline. This approach recognised that effective coastal protection requires flexibility and adaptability to changing conditions and that enhancing the ecological and recreational value of the coastline can be complementary goals. Comprehensive Coastal Management The implementation of the Narrowneck Artificial Reef was part of a broader set of interventions under the Northern Beaches Protection Strategy, which also included beach nourishment and coastal dunes vegetation enhancement. These measures worked in tandem to create a "healthy beach profile" and a "living shoreline", addressing both the immediate concerns of erosion and the long-term sustainability of the coastal environment. Sand nourishment replenished the beaches, providing immediate relief from erosion, while dune vegetation played a crucial role in stabilising the newly placed sand and enhancing the ecological value of the dunes. Together with the artificial reef, these measures exemplified a new paradigm in coastal management, where the protection of the coastline is achieved through the enhancement of its natural and recreational assets. How Multipurpose Artificial Reefs Balance Coastal Protection, the Environment & Recreation Designing Multipurpose Artificial Reefs is a careful balancing act, requiring equal attention to coastal defence, marine ecosystem support, and recreational opportunities. One of the key challenges is engineering a structure that can simultaneously dissipate wave energy to protect shorelines while also creating surfable waves and supporting marine biodiversity. The Narrowneck Artificial Reef project, led by ICM, is a prime example of this. A Multifunctional Attraction To create the artificial reef itself, mega geotextile sand containers were used, which became an attraction in itself, drawing surfers to its engineered breaks (under the right conditions). Below the waves, the reef reshapes the seabed morphology, trapping sand on its downdrift side and creating a varied underwater landscape. This creates a dynamic surf condition that extends well beyond the reef itself. Enhancing Marine Biodiversity Beyond protection and recreation, multipurpose artificial reefs play a crucial role in enhancing marine biodiversity. By mimicking natural reef structures, these provide new habitats for a variety of marine species. The design process involves selecting materials and shapes that encourage the colonisation of marine flora and fauna, turning these structures into thriving underwater ecosystems. The Narrowneck Reef, for instance, has seen a rapid development of a diverse marine ecosystem, demonstrating the ecological success of this artificial reef. Environmental assessments use quantitative methods to evaluate changes in habitat area, species diversity indices, and potential for biomass accumulation on the reef structure. Observations by the National Marine Science Centre indicate that “the biological communities associated with Narrowneck Artificial Reef appear to enhance biodiversity and productivity at a local scale and may also contribute to overall regional productivity.”  Artificial Reef Design Designing artificial reefs, especially Multipurpose Artificial Reefs, is a highly specialised process that involves navigating complex hydrodynamic, geological, and environmental variables. A successful design balances coastal protection, ecological enhancement, and recreational benefits while ensuring safety for all users. Here’s a guide to the key considerations and methodologies involved in creating these innovative structures. Understanding Site-Specific Variables The foundation of artificial reef design lies in a comprehensive understanding of the site’s unique characteristics. These include: Wave Climate : Analysing wave height, period, direction, and energy flux to predict how waves will interact with the reef. Sediment Dynamics: Assessing how sand moves alongshore and cross-shore to ensure the reef enhances sediment deposition without unintended consequences. Ecological Considerations : Evaluating the existing marine habitat to ensure the reef complements local biodiversity and supports new ecosystems. Utilising advanced numerical modelling and physical models, coastal engineers can predict how the reef will interact with natural processes. These tools help refine parameters to ensure the structure’s stability, effectiveness, and safety. Defining Purpose and Functionality The primary purpose of the artificial reef dictates its design. Whether the goal is coastal protection, surf enhancement, or a combination of both, specific design parameters such as location, orientation, and dimensions must align with the desired functionality. For surf enhancement: Wave transformation models can be used to calculate the refractive effects of the reef on incoming waves, using parameters such as wave height, period, and direction. For coastal protection: Designs utilise sediment transport models to estimate the reef's impact on longshore and cross-shore sediment movement, requiring inputs like current velocities, wave energy flux, and grain size distribution of the seabed material. Selecting the Right Artificial Reef Materials Considering what are artificial reefs made of i s a critical component of the design process, influencing both the reef’s durability and its ecological impact. The materials must be able to withstand marine conditions while encouraging marine life colonisation. Thoughtful material selection ensures that the reef is both functional and environmentally responsible, promoting its long-term success as a coastal and ecological asset. Considering User Safety User safety is a critical component of artificial reef design. Detailed safety assessments are conducted to minimise risks to swimmers, surfers, and divers. Safety Factors: Safety assessments involve the calculation of wave breaking intensity, water depth above the reef, and velocity fields around the structure. Safety Design Criteria: This might include setting maximum velocities (e.g., < 0.5 m/s for swimmer safety) and minimum water depths over the reef crest during low tide to prevent injuries. Conducting Risk Assessments Risk assessments play a vital role in identifying potential hazards and planning mitigation strategies. This process involves statistical analysis of wave climate data to identify extreme conditions and simulations for estimating injury risks based on user density, activity types, and environmental conditions. Optimising Design Parameters The specific design elements of the reef, including its crest width, slope, and roughness , directly affect wave-breaking characteristics, sediment deposition, and ecological performance. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models can simulate flow over the reef, providing detailed information on turbulence intensity and shear forces. Evaluating Construction Tolerances and Physical Modelling Construction tolerances are evaluated through sensitivity analysis in physical and numerical models to understand the impact of deviations from the design profile on hydrodynamic and morphological responses. This could involve adjusting the reef height or crest level within a range (e.g., ±0.1 m) in model simulations to assess changes in wave transmission and sediment deposition patterns around the reef. Implementing Risk Management Strategies Management strategies are informed by quantitative risk assessments, including the calculation of incident rates (incidents per user-hour) and the effectiveness of mitigation measures (e.g., reduction in rip current velocity by 50% with the installation of signage or barriers). Hydraulic models predict areas of high energy or currents that could pose risks to users, guiding the placement of warning signs or designated safe zones. The role of Artificial Reefs in Coastal Resilience As we face the escalating challenges of climate change and coastal erosion, the role of multipurpose artificial reefs in coastal management strategies becomes increasingly vital. These structures offer a promising pathway towards sustainable coastal protection, providing a blueprint for future projects around the world. The continued success of them relies on innovative design, rigorous scientific research, and a commitment to preserving our planet's coastal and marine environments. FAQ Do Artificial Reefs Actually Work? Artificial reefs can be effective when designed and implemented properly. These structures are engineered to work with natural processes, providing several benefits: Coastal Protection Marine Biodiversity Recreational Opportunities Projects like the Narrowneck Reef on Australia’s Gold Coast have demonstrated over a twenty year time period that improving shoreline stabilisation while supporting marine biodiversity, and improving recreational use is possible. What Are the Problems With Artificial Reefs? While artificial reefs have significant benefits, they can present challenges if not carefully designed and managed: Poor Placement : If placed incorrectly, artificial reefs can disrupt sediment transport and coastal dynamics, potentially exacerbating erosion in nearby areas. Material Issues : Using inappropriate materials can harm marine ecosystems. For example, non-durable or non-eco-friendly materials can degrade or leach harmful substances. Safety Concerns : Strong currents, shallow areas, or improperly designed reefs can pose risks to swimmers and surfers. Long-Term Monitoring : Artificial reefs require ongoing evaluation and maintenance to ensure they continue to function as intended. To mitigate these issues, proper site analysis, material selection, and risk assessments are critical during the design and implementation phases. Are Artificial Reefs 'The' Solution? The Narrowneck Reef on the Gold Coast in Australia is an example of a successful artificial reef as part of a wider coastal management strategy. Constructed as part of the Northern Beaches Protection Strategy, this multipurpose artificial reef has enhanced biodiversity and improved sand retention at a once venerable location. In general, artificial reefs should be considered as part of a holistic, coastal strategy as not as a stand-alone solution. International Coastal Management The journey of designing multiprupose artificial reefs is a testament to human ingenuity and our ability to work in harmony with nature. At ICM we've been pioneering examples of how artificial reefs can protect our coastlines while enriching the marine ecosystem and enhancing recreational opportunities for decades. As we continue to progress in the field of coastal resilience, these artificial reefs represent not just a piece of the solution but a vision for a sustainable and harmonious future between humanity and the ocean.

Publications Our team has a strong track record of coastal engineering research and innovation . Explore our key publications below to learn more about our expertise in coastal protection and enhancement. Key Papers Nearshore Nourishment: Theory & Application RESEARCH ARTICLE The theory behind nearshore nourishment, identifying suitable site conditions and showing examples with costs of nearshore nourishment projects. Read more Sand Filled Geotextile Containers in Australia - Is There a Future? RESEARCH ARTICLE A comprehensive review of sand-filled geotextile containers, evaluating their advantages, disadvantages, and potential future use in Australia. Read more 50 Years of Seawall and Nourishment Strategy Evolution on the Gold Coast RESEARCH ARTICLE The evolution of coastal management on the Gold Coast with improvements in coastal management knowledge, tools and technology. Read more Artificial Reefs & Breakwaters Narrowneck Artificial Reef Renewal - (Women in Coastal Engineering Award 2023) B. Corbett, M. Mulchay, S. Hunt, Z. Elliot Perkins 2023 (Coast and Ports Presentation 2023) Projects Review - Eco Engineered Artificial Reefs in the Arabian Gulf L.A. Jackson, A. Salyer, B. Corbett, L. Jackson & S.King. 2016 Design and Construction of a Submerged Breakwater and Terminal Seawall for Beach Stabilisation L.A. Jackson, B. Corbett, M. Mulcahy & A. Salyer. 2015 Long term performance of a submerged coastal control structure: A case study of the narrowneck multi-functional artificial reef L.A. Jackson, R. Tomlinson, B. Corbett & D. Strauss. 2012 Low Crested Reef Breakwaters – Theory Illustrated by Arabian Gulf Projects L.A. Jackson, B. Corbett & A. Salyer. 2010 Design and Construction of Low Crested Reef Breakwaters Using Sand Filled Geotextile Containers L.A. Jackson. 2010 Narrowneck Reef Monitoring and Lessons – 10 Years on L.A. Jackson, B. Corbett & T. Evans. 2010 Wave Transmission over Low Crested Geotextile Breakwater Structures M. Blacka, J. Carley, B. Corbett & L.A. Jackson. 2009 Narrowneck Multi-Function Artificial Reef: Performance Evaluation of Design, Construction & Maintenance R.Tomlinson, L.A. Jackson & B. Corbett. 2008 Alternative Coastal Protection and Amenity Provision Using Multi Function Sand Filled Geo-Containers L.A. Jackson, G. Mocke, F. Smit, B. Corbett, S. Restall & D. Markham. 2008 Eco-Friendly Coastal Protection Using Multi Functional Artificial Reefs L.A. Jackson, G. Mocke, F. Smit & B. Corbett. 2008 Narrowneck Reef: Review of 7 Years of Monitoring Results L.A. Jackson, B. Corbett, R. Tomlinson, J. McGrath & G. Stuart. 2007 Review of Existing Multi-Functional Artificial Reefs L.A. Jackson & B. Corbett. 2007 Design and Construction Methodology of a Novel Multi-Functional Artificial Reef for Dubai F. Smit, G. Mocke & L.A. Jackson. 2007 Reef Breakwaters for Coastal Protection: Safety Aspects and Tolerances B. Corbett, R. Tomlinson & L.A. Jackson. 2005 Narrowneck Artificial Reef: Results of 4 Years of Monitoring and Modifications L.A. Jackson, R. Tomlinson, I. Turner, B. Corbett, M. D'Agata & J. McGrath. 2005 Design of Artificial Reefs for Beach Protection and Surf Amenity at Palm Beach, Gold Coast, Australia L.A. Jackson, R. Tomlinson & D. Skelly. 2005 Marine Ecosystem Enhancement on a Geotextile Coastal Protection Reef - Narrowneck Reef Case Study L.A. Jackson, R. Reichelt, S. Restall, B. Corbett, R. Tomlinson & J. McGrath. 2004 Monitoring of Narrowneck Artificial Reef R. Tomlinson, L.A. Jackson & B. Corbett. 2003 The Challenge of Combining Coastal Protection and Improved Surfing Amenity L.A. Jackson, R. Tomlinson & M. D'Agata. 2002 Monitoring of a Multi Functional Submerged Geotextile Reef Breakwater L.A. Jackson, R. Tomlinson, J. McGrath & I. Turner. 2002 Engineering an Artificial Reef L.A. Jackson & W. Hornsey. 2002 Natural Coastal Design and the Challenge of Incorporating Recreational Amenity into Coastal Protection Works J. McGrath, L.A. Jackson & R. Tomlinson. 2001 Special Construction Requirements for Artificial Surfing Reefs L.A. Jackson. 2001 Wave-Induced Pressures and Internal Stability of Geotextile Sand Containers in Artificial Reefs B. Corbett. 2001 Comparison of Observed and Predicted Coastline Changes at the Gold Coast Artificial (Surfing) Reef I. Turner, V. Leyden, G. Symonds, J. McGrath, L.A. Jackson, T. Jancar, S. Aarninkhof & I. Elshoff. 2000 Proposed "Reef" to Restore, Protect and Enhance Noosa Main Beach L.A. Jackson, K. Black, R. Tomlinson & R. Williams. 2000 Three Dimensional Scale Physical Model Investigations of the Gold Coast Artificial Reef I. Turner, V. Leyden, R. Cox, L.A. Jackson & J. McGrath. 1999 Designing the Shape of the Gold Coast Reef: Field Investigations J. Hutt, K. Black, L.A. Jackson & J. McGrath. 1999 3D Physical Model Testing of an Artificial Surfing Reef, Gold Coast, Australia I. Turner, J. Carley, R. Cox, K. Black, L.A. Jackson & J. McGrath. 1999 Design of a Multi-Purpose Reef for Surf Riding, Sheltered Swimming & Coastal Stability: Gold Coast, Australia K. Black, J. Hutt, S. Mead, L.A. Jackson, J. McGrath & E. Couriel. 1998 Surfing Reef Benefits - The Gold Coast Example L.A. Jackson, J. McGrath. 1998 Proposed Surfing Reef for the Northern Gold Coast L.A. Jackson, R. Tomlinson, K. Black & E. Couriel. 1997 Surfing Considerations for Major Coastal Engineering Projects L.A. Jackson. 1995 Dredging & Nourishment Nearshore Nourishment Theory and Application L.A. Jackson & B. Corbett. 2023 (Australasian Coasta and Ports 2023) 50 Years of Seawall and Nourishment Strategy Evolution on the Gold Coast L.A. Jackson & R. Tomlinson. 2017 A History of the Implementation and Evolution of Sand Nourishment Methods on the Gold Coast L.A. Jackson, P. Hill & J. McGrath. 2013 Tweed River Entrance Sand Bypassing Precommissioning Dredging Works M. McQuade, L.A. Jackson & B. Corbett. 2001 Shore & Beach Observations – Littoral Drift and Q = AV A.W. Smith & L.A. Jackson. 1998 Tweed River Entrance Sand Bypassing Project Principals and Progress R.J. Murray, J. Brodie, L.A. Jackson, M. Porter, D. Robinson, S. Lawson & M. Perry. 1995 Beach Dynamics of Barred Nearshores L.A. Jackson [Joint Author]. 1993 Evaluation of the Long-Term Behaviour of Various Foreshore Protection Works on the Gold Coast L.A. Jackson & P. Hill 1993 Nearshore Bars & Shore Zone Dynamics B. Boczar-Karakiewicz, L.A. Jackson, D. Forbes, Kohlhase & A. Nageszewski. 1993 On Soft Protection of Sandy Beaches in Wave Dominated Environments B. Boczar-Karakiewicz, J.L. Bona & L.A. Jackson. 1993 On Beach Dynamics & Nourishment of Offshore Bars, Gold Coast, Australia B. Boczar-Karakiewicz, J.L. Bona & L.A. Jackson. 1993 Beach Dynamics and Protection Measures on Barred Nearshores, North Sea (Sylt) and South Pacific (Gold Coast, Australia) L.A. Jackson [Joint Author]. 1992 A Comparison of Beach Nourishment, Eastern Australia vs Eastern U.S.A. L.A. Jackson [Joint Author]. 1992 Beach Dynamics and Protection Measures in the Gold Coast area, Australia B. Boczar-Karakiewicz & L.A. Jackson. 1991 Practical Survey Control of Beach Renourishment Projects L.A. Jackson, F. Goetsch & P. Hill. 1991 The Analysis and Role of Bars on the Protection of a Beach System, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia B. Boczar-Karakiewicz & L.A. Jackson. 1990 Nearshore Nourishment: Implementation, Monitoring and Model Studies of the 1.5M m3 at Kirra Beach L.A. Jackson & R. Tomlinson. 1990 The Siting of Beach Nourishment Placements, 1990 A.W. Smith & L.A. Jackson. 1990 Implementation and Monitoring of 1.5Mm3 Nearshore Nourishment at Kirra / Bilinga, Gold Coast L.A. Jackson. 1989 Beach Replenishment, 1987 B. McGinnity & L.A. Jackson. 1987 Erosion Management Plans Creating and Maintaining a Coastal Management Knowledge Hub R. Tomlinson, L.A. Jackson & S. Hunt. 2016 Coastal Zone Management Plans – The need to Balance all Costs and Benefits K. Coleman & L.A. Jackson. 2015 Keynote: Coastal management in uncertain times requires vision not computers L.A. Jackson. 2013 Noosa River Spit Erosion Protection Works B. Corbett, R. Tomlinson, D. Shaw & R. Williams. 2013 Innovative Coastal Protection to reduce financial and environmental costs L.A. Jackson & L. Jackson. 2012 Emergency Coastal Protection Works - Practical Lessons for the Future from the Past L.A. Jackson. 2007 Processes to Develop an Integrated and Multi Functional Coastal Management Strategy for Palm Beach, Gold Coast R. Tomlinson, J. McGrath, L.A. Jackson, G. Stuart, A. Robertson, M. M'Agata & B.Corbett. 2003 An overview of Gold Coast Coastal Management 1960 - 2001 L. Boak, L.A. Jackson, J. McGrath & M. Brosnan. 2001 IENCE - A Case Study: The Northern Gold Coast Beach Protection Strategy L. Boak, J. McGrath & L.A. Jackson. 2000 The Northern Gold Coast Beach Protection Strategy L. Boak, J. McGrath, A. Maffey & L.A. Jackson. 2000 Provision of Tourism Infrastructure in Highly Valued Environments – A Case Study: The Northern Gold Coast Beach Protection Strategy J. McGrath, L. Boak & L.A. Jackson. 2000 Infrastructure to Enhance the Natural Capacity of the Environment to Support a Tourist Economy - A Coastal Case Study: The Northern Gold Coast Beach Protection Strategy J. McGrath, L. Boak & L.A. Jackson. 1999 The Effects of Beach Erosion on Tourism on the Gold Coast, Australia M. Raybould, T. Mules & L.A. Jackson. 1998 Strategy for Protection of North Gold Coast Beaches L.A. Jackson, J. McGrath & R. Tomlinson. 1997 Beach Utilisation and Protection on the Gold Coast, Australia L.A. Jackson. 1994 Coastal Management at the Local Government Level, Benefits and Advantages L.A. Jackson [Joint Author]. 1992 Beach Protection on the Gold Coast L.A. Jackson. 1991 Coastal Management of a Large Coastal Resort City, Gold Coast, Australia L.A. Jackson. 1990 The Application of Coastal Management Tactics, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia A.W. Smith & L.A. Jackson. 1990 Management of the Gold Coast Beaches L.A. Jackson. 1990 The Application of Coastal Management Tactics on the Prototype A.W. Smith & L.A. Jackson. 1987 Coastal Management and Tourism on the Gold Coast A.W. Smith & L.A. Jackson. 1986 Field Data Strategic and Cost-Effective Networks of Miniaturised Tide Gauges D. Metters, J. Shayer, J. Ryan, J. Bourner, B. Corbett & R. Tomlinson. 2017 Condition Survey of Coastal Structures using UAV and Photogrammetry S. King, J. Leon, M. Mulcahy, L.A. Jackson & B. Corbett. 2017 Site Investigations for Design of an Open Water Dive Attraction off the Gold Coast J. Restall, L.A. Jackson, B. Corbett, L. Hughes, R. Richards, R. Tomlinson & F. Cream. 2013 Environmental Monitoring of the Northern Gold Coast Beach Protection Strategy A. Walsh, R. Tomlinson, J. McGrath, E. Boak, L.A. Jackson. 1999 The Variability in Width of the Visible Beach A.W. Smith & L.A. Jackson. 1992 Assessment of the Past Extent of Cyclone Beach Erosion A.W. Smith & L.A. Jackson. 1990 Hydrographic Survey Data Collection Methods, Accuracy and Assessment for Design and Monitoring of Coastal Engineering Works F. Goetsch & L.A. Jackson. 1989 Data Requirements for Coastal Zone Management in a Beach Area L.A. Jackson & F. Goetsch. 1988 Groynes Case Study: Stabilisation of a Rapidly Eroding Point using an In-Situ Filled Geotextile Container Groyne Field B. Corbett, N. Wellwood, D. Shing & L.A. Jackson. 2016 The North Kirra Beach Restoration Project L.A. Jackson. 1985 Marine Facilities Marina Design to Incorporate Superyachts: A Case Study B. Corbett & L.A. Jackson. 2007 The Self Replicating External Delta Growth Proven for Deep Water Jettied Inlets L.A. Jackson [Joint Author]. 1992 Sand-Filled Geotextile Containers Sand Filled Geotextile Containers in Australia – Is There a Future? L.A. Jackson, B. Corbett. 2019 Case Study: Stabilisation of a Rapidly Eroding Point using an In-Situ Filled Geotextile Container Groyne Field B. Corbett, N. Wellwood, D. Shing & L.A. Jackson. 2016 Coastal Stabilisation - Advancements in Geotextile Design & Construction Methods as an Alternative to Rock A. Salyer, L.A. Jackson, B. Corbett & L. Jackson. 2016 Striking a new path in India with coastal structures made from geotextile containers K. Oberhagemann, K. Werth, L.A. Jackson & S. Restall. 2015 Noosa River Spit Erosion Protection Works B. Corbett, R. Tomlinson, D. Shaw & R. Williams. 2013 Case Studies Re Design and Construction of Sand Filled Geotextile Containers in the Arabian Gulf L.A. Jackson & L. Jackson. 2012 Case Studies and Lessons Learnt from Applications of Sand Filled Containers in the Arabian Gulf L.A. Jackson & L. Jackson. 2012 Comparison of Geosynthetic Materials as Substrates On Coastal Structures – Gold Coast (Australia) and Arabian Gulf B. Corbett, L.A. Jackson, T. Evans & S. Restall. 2010 Alternative Coastal Protection and Amenity Provision Using Multi Function Sand Filled Geo-Containers L.A. Jackson, G. Mocke, F. Smit, B. Corbett, S. Restall & D. Markham. 2008 Failure Modes and Stability Modelling for Design of Sand Filled Geosynthetic Units in Coastal Structures Presentation L.A. Jackson & B. Corbett. 2006 Monitoring of Geosynthetics in Coastal Structures in the Arabian Gulf Marina Ecosystem L.A. Jackson, S. Restall, B. Corbett & R. Reichelt. 2006 Marine Ecosystem Enhancement on a Geotextile Coastal Protection Reef - Narrowneck Reef Case Study L.A. Jackson, R. Reichelt, S. Restall, B. Corbett, R. Tomlinson & J. McGrath. 2004 Large Sand Filled Geotextile Containers as a Construction Aid over Poor Quality Marine Clay W.P. Hornsey, L.A. Jackson, S. Restall & B. Corbett. 2003 Case Studies Showing the Growth and Development of Geotextile Sand Containers: An Australian Perspective S.J. Restall, L.A. Jackson, G. Heerten, W.P. Hornsey. 2002 The Challenge of Geotextile Sand Containers as Armour Units for Coastal Protection Works in Australasia S. Restall, L.A. Jackson & G. Heerten. 2001 Wave-Induced Pressures and Internal Stability of Geotextile Sand Containers in Artificial Reefs B. Corbett. 2001 New Developments With Mega Sand Containers of Non-Woven Needle-Punched Geotextiles for the Construction of Coastal Structures G. Heerton, L.A. Jackson, S. Restall & F. Saathoff. 2000 Environmental Benefits of Sand Filled Geotextile Structures for Coastal Applications G. Heerten, L.A. Jackson, S. Restall & K. Stelljes. 2000 Geotextile in Coast Protection - Examples of Project Oriented Solutions G. Heerten, S. Kohlhase, F. Saathoff, L.A. Jackson & S.A. Cant. 1988 Evaluation of Sand Filled Geotextile Groynes Constructed on the Gold Coast, Australia L.A. Jackson. 1987 The North Kirra Beach Restoration Project L.A. Jackson. 1985 Seawalls & Revetments Seawalls for coastal protection and climate change R. Tomlinson, L.A. Jackson. 2017 50 Years of Seawall and Nourishment Strategy Evolution on the Gold Coast L.A. Jackson & R. Tomlinson. 2017 Rock Seawall Design and Construction with Deeper Toes for Climate Change M. Mulcahy, L.A. Jackson & B. Corbett. 2017 Design and Construction of a Submerged Breakwater and Terminal Seawall for Beach Stabilisation L.A. Jackson, B. Corbett, M. Mulcahy & A. Salyer. 2015 Terminal Seawalls as a Strategy for Uncertainty and Sea Level Rise M. Mulcahy, B. Corbett & L.A. Jackson. 2015 Design Review for the Gold Coast Seawall for Climate Change R. Tomlinson, M. Mulcahy, L.A. Jackson, D. Todd, B. Corbett, J. McGrath & S. Hunt. 2014 Submarine Pipelines Large Diameter Polyethylene Submarine Outfalls, 1984 L.A. Jackson. 1984 Design and Construction of a 1000mm dia. Polyethylene Effluent Outfall 140mm across the Southport Broadwater, 1983 L.A. Jackson. 1983 Design and Construction of Effluent Outfalls, 1983 L.A. Jackson. 1983 Bypassing & Backpassing Tweed River Entrance Sand Bypassing Precommissioning Dredging Works M. Mcquade, L.A. Jackson, B.Corbett, 2001 Tweed River Entrance Sand Bypassing Project: Principals and Progress R.J Murray, J. Brodie, L.A. Jackson, M.Porter, 1995 The North Kirra Beach Restoration Project L.A. Jackson. 1985 Further Articles Leveraging the Science to Position the Great Barrier Reef Restorations as Global Benchmark L.A. Jackson. 2018 Wave Impacts on Structures L.A. Jackson. 2013 Noosa Main Beach Algae Mitigation Trial B. Corbett, L.A. Jackson, R. Tomlinson & M. Hagan. 2009 Combining Surfing and Coastal Protection. What is the Perfect Surf? L.A. Jackson, R.B. Tomlinson & M. D'Agata. 2001 The Practical Application of Four Commercially Available Numerical Beach Morphology Models on a High Energy Coastline J. Carley, I. Turner, E. Couriel, L.A. Jackson & J. McGrath. 1999 Economic Value and Impact on Coastal Zone - The Gold Coast Study L.A. Jackson & A.W. Smith. 1997 Coastal Bars on Canadian Coasts L.A. Jackson [Joint Author]. 1996 Proposed Headland for Surfers Paradise L.A. Jackson & J. McGrath. 1995 Litter Control at a Local Government Level; The Gold Coast Strategy L.A. Jackson. 1995 The Development and Impact of Harmonic Reformed “Miche” Wavelets upon a Natural Beach A.W. Smith & L.A. Jackson. 1995 International Environmental Co-operation L.A. Jackson. 1993 Sea Level Rise on the Gold Coast - Predicted Extent and Effects and Recommended Protective Measures L.A. Jackson. 1988

Resilient Coasts. Specialist Solutions. Industry-leading coastal engineering expertise for homeowners, councils, and developers. Protecting shorelines with precision. 40+ YEARS OF EXPERIENCE 1200+ COASTAL PROJECTS 23 COUNTRIES Book Your Free Consultation Creating Solutions Tailored to Your Needs At International Coastal Management (ICM), we’re coastal specialists with over 40 years of experience delivering tailored, innovative solutions that protect shorelines, restore ecosystems, and build resilient waterfronts. Unlike generalist firms, we focus solely on coastal and marine engineering, with 1,200+ successful projects worldwide, helping communities, governments, and businesses safeguard their coastlines for future generations. ICM Celebrates Success at Engineers Australia Excellence Awards 2024 News ICM Presents at ICS2024: Nature-Based Solutions and Floating Islands in the Arabian Gulf News ICM presents at the ICCE 2024: Nature-Based Solutions & Global Collaborations News For Private & Residential Tailored erosion control and coastal solutions for private properties and developments. For Councils & Governments Expert solutions for public shoreline protection and coastal resilience. For Commercial & Business Specialist coastal engineering to expand, enhance, and future-proof your developments. Explore Our Services To play, press and hold the enter key. To stop, release the enter key. "The famous beaches of the Gold Coast are one of the city's greatest assets and require considerable management expertise and innovation to maintain their pristine condition and sustainability (…) Major beach nourishment works and the construction of an artificial reef (…) was undertaken by Council utilising the services of International Coastal Management. The success of the NGBPS after five years of operational service is testimony to the value and benefit of this evolving coastal solution technology." - Gold Coast City Office of the Mayor How we do it, differently Custom Solutions That Work We tailor innovative designs that balance usability, protection, and ecological health. Save Time and Money With 40+ years of experience and 1,200+ projects worldwide, we know what works, and get it right. Specialist Expertise Focused exclusively on coastal engineering, we bring unmatched precision and results to every project. Featured Expertise Coastal Protection Nature-Based Solutions Marinas & Waterfronts Engineering & Design Coastal Resilience Expert Review Coastal Protection & Erosion Control We specialise in protecting coastlines and mitigating the effects of erosion using cutting-edge engineering techniques and sustainable approaches. Learn More Expert Review & Advice Our expertise is often sought in legal proceedings to provide professional opinions and advice on coastal projects, infrastructure, and environmental impacts. Learn More Nature-Based Solutions & Artificial Reefs Our nature-based solutions integrate ecological processes with engineering expertise to deliver long-lasting coastal protection. Learn More Engineering & Design From initial concept through to final construction, we offer engineering and design solutions for all coastal and marine infrastructure projects. Learn More Marinas & Waterfront Developments We provide end-to-end services for marinas and waterfront developments, with a focus on environmental responsibility and innovative design. Learn More Coastal Resilience Prepare your coastline for future challenges with our climate adaptation and resilience services. Learn More Solving Complex Coastal Projects Discover how ICM has transformed coastal environments through innovative solutions that blend engineering excellence with sustainable practices. Below are a few of our highlighted projects: Living Speed Bumps: Re:Beach Design Competition Munna Point Groynes Holloways and Clifton Beach Erosion Management View More Ready to discuss your coastal or marine project? Book Your Free Consultation Your Coastal Challenges, Solved By Specialists From erosion control to resilient designs, our specialist team delivers practical, proven solutions. We approach every project with a focus on precision, sustainability, and long-term success. How Coastal Dunes Build Resilience on the Gold Coast Nature Based Solutions Living Speed Bumps: Our Innovative Approach to Coastal Resilience Insight Facing erosion concerns? ICM offers proven solutions like shoreline stabilisation, beach nourishment, and sand management to safeguard your property and preserve its value. Losing coastline to rising seas? Our Coastal Resilience Plans use nature-based solutions like artificial reefs and living shorelines to protect and enhance your shoreline for future generations. Need marina improvements? ICM specialises in design, construction management, delivering efficient marina developments that optimise usability, increases site value and meets current standards. Outdated assets? Our Condition Surveys and tailored upgrade solutions extend the life, safety, and sustainability of your waterfront infrastructure. Navigating regulations? Our expertise in Australian Regulatory Compliance streamlines approval processes, ensuring your project meets all standards efficiently. Concerned about project success? ICM provides expert design reviews and project assessments to ensure solutions are cost-effective, durable, and aligned with your goals. Explore our services Ready to solve your coastal challenges? Book Your Free Consultation ICM Wins Global Recognition for Coastal Resilience Expertise The Re:Beach competition in Oceanside brought together the world’s foremost coastal engineering firms to develop sustainable, resilient solutions for their vulnerable coastline. ICM’s groundbreaking approach not only met the challenge but redefined it, awarding us the win and setting a new standard for coastal protection and enhancement. Full Service Whether you need a turn-key proposal or just looking for project elements or advice, ICM can assist through all project stages. Site Analysis Remote or on-site investigations to analyse site conditions and understand the natural dynamics. Design From conceptual with cost estimations to detailed design and approvals stages. Installation Our long track record of successful projects means we know how to pick the right approach for your specific site. On-going Monitoring On-going monitoring of projects (or elements) are an essential part of overall project success in the long term. Get In Touch With Us What makes ICM different from other coastal companies? ICM is uniquely positioned in the coastal industry having developed and implemented solutions that are considered world’s best practice. Our team is hands-on, with significant experience in site evaluation & solution implementation to ensure the best results are achieved for each site. How does ICM ensure cost savings on coastal projects? Our extensive experience allows us to get it right the first time, selecting the optimal solution for your specific site. By streamlining the process and avoiding costly errors, we help you save both time and money. What types of projects has ICM completed? We have completed over 1,200 projects worldwide, ranging from shoreline protection and restoration to marina developments and artificial reefs. Our portfolio showcases our ability to tackle various coastal challenges with proven results. Can ICM handle both small-scale and large-scale coastal projects? Absolutely! Whether it's a private development or a large-scale community project, our team is equipped to manage projects of any size. We tailor our solutions to meet the specific needs and goals of each client. What is the process for starting a project with ICM? The first step is to book a discovery call with our team. During this call, we’ll discuss your project’s unique needs, challenges, and goals. From there, we’ll outline a tailored plan and guide you through the next steps. What kind of post-construction support does ICM offer? ICM provides ongoing monitoring and maintenance services to ensure your project’s long-term success. We’re committed to the sustained effectiveness and resilience of your coastal solutions. Are there any positions or internship opportunities available at ICM? We’re always eager to connect with passionate professionals and students interested in coastal engineering. You’re welcome to email us your resume, and we’ll reach out if a suitable opportunity arises.

Leading Coastal Resilience Since 1989 International Coastal Management was founded with a clear mission: to protect and enhance the world’s coastlines through innovative, sustainable solutions . Our story began in 1989, but the origins of our commitment to coastal resilience stretch back even further. Angus Jackson, our founder, witnessed firsthand the devastating effects of coastal erosion along the Gold Coast beaches after the 1967 and 1974 cyclone events. So, he began his career as a special projects engineer for the Gold Coast city in 1976 to improve the city’s resilience. With a limited budget, he grew the council’s resources, developing a coastal and waterways department that implemented world-first, iconic coastal resilience projects that helped “save the Gold Coast” (see more in the news clip). Recognising the unique success of the Gold Coast approach, Angus founded ICM, a coastal engineering company in Australia, to develop and implement similar resilience strategies around the globe, which has seen successful results in over 23 countries. Our team includes experts who are not just engineers and scientists, but also surfers, divers, lifeguards and environmental advocates. We are passionate professionals who care deeply about the work we do and the impact we have. This connection to the marine environment drives our dedication to protecting and enhancing the world’s coastlines and we are renowned for creating multi-beneficial project outcomes that not only reduce erosive impacts but also encourage ecological diversity and the user experience. Our Team Founder & Director Angus Jackson BE RPEQ NER CPEng FIE Aust Angus has over 45 years’ experience in Local Government and Consulting. From the early 80s to mid-90’s he was responsible for management of the Gold Coast’s extensive beach and waterway systems developing a range of innovative methods and systems that helped position the Gold Coast as a world leader in coastal and waterway management as well as climate change adaption. Angus established ICM in the mid-90’s and has worked on innovative world firsts, in Australia and internationally, and has authored and co-authored over 65 technical papers. View publications Director & Principal Engineer Aaron Salyer BE MIE Aust Aaron has over 17 years' experience working on a wide range of international coastal projects in Australia, UAE, Oman, Qatar, Bahrain, India, Maldives, Vietnam, Colombia and Costa Rica. His involvement spans across all levels of project delivery, including engineering design, modelling, construction and contract administration. Aaron has also written several joint papers on coastal engineering design, specifically on eco-engineering artificial reefs for coastal enhancement and coastal sustainability development. View publications Senior Principal Engineer Bobbie Corbett BE(Hons) RPEQ NER CPEng MIE Aust Bobbie has over 20 years’ experience in a broad range of coastal, estuarine and waterway projects that have included very active coastlines and more environmentally sensitive coastal zones and waterways. While structural solutions can be more traditional, many have been innovative in design, multi-functional and utilise alternate construction materials and methodologies. Her involvement often spans the full life of a project from feasibility studies to post-construction monitoring and condition assessment. She has authored and co-authored over 35 technical papers. View publications Principal Coastal Engineer Martin Mulcahy BE(Hons) MIE Aust Marty joined ICM in 2011 as a project engineer and has since developed extensive expertise in coastal engineering design, project management, and fieldwork. With over a decade of hands-on experience, Marty has played a pivotal role in delivering successful coastal projects across Australia, the Asia/Pacific region, and the Middle East. Based on the Gold Coast, Australia, Marty has a keen interest in the engineering design of coastal protection structures and developing best practice coastal management strategies for our beaches and communities. View publications Senior Coastal Engineer Sam King BE(Hons) MIE Aust With over 8 years of experience in coastal engineering, Sam has worked on projects across Australia and internationally, specialising in coastal, estuarine, and reef environments. He is dedicated to delivering environmentally sound, stakeholder-focused, and nature-based solutions tailored to each site. Sam’s expertise includes developing innovative approaches using numerical modeling and cutting-edge technology. He is also focused on creating multi-functional reefs and restoring marine habitats, including within the Great Barrier Reef. View publications Coastal Engineer Zack Lindenberg BE(Hons) GradIE Aust Zack is a skilled coastal engineer with a specialisation in ocean engineering. He brings diverse expertise to ICM, having worked on a wide range of coastal projects, including innovative and eco-engineered solutions tailored to specific sites. Zack has been involved in all phases of the project lifecycle, from site inspections and design to securing approvals, overseeing construction, and managing projects. His expertise extends to conducting condition assessments and performance monitoring, ensuring projects meet the highest standards. View publications Ready to discuss your coastal or marine project? Book your free consultation Our Impact Since our inception, ICM has made a tangible difference in over 1,200 coastal projects across the globe. Our innovative solutions have protected hundres of miles of coastline, enhanced biodiversity, and safeguarded countless communities and investments. One of our most significant successes was our recent win in the International Coastal Resilience Competition, Re:Beach, where our groundbreaking work was recognized on a global stage. But the real proof of our impact lies in the communities that remain safe, the ecosystems that thrive, and the beaches that continue to welcome visitors, year after year. As we look to the future, we believe that the next 25 years will be pivotal, with climate change posing new threats that require innovative, adaptable solutions. “Our vision is to expand our efforts in nature-based solutions, integrating advanced technologies with the power of natural processes to create resilient, sustainable coastlines.” — Angus Jackson, Founder of ICM Our Values We continuously push the boundaries of coastal engineering to deliver cutting-edge, sustainable solutions. We are committed to implementing the best design and strategies for each project, prioritising engagement and inclusion for the most beneficial outcomes. We operate with transparency and honesty, ensuring trust and reliability in every client relationship. We believe in equity-centered design and work closely with clients and stakeholders, guaranteeing that our solutions are as valuable beyond engineering as they are effective. Our solutions are designed to meet today’s challenges while safeguarding the environment for future generations. Our team’s dedication to conservation and enhancement drives us to take innovative action, leading by example in the ever-changing coastal zone. Our headquarters are in Queensland, Australia, but our reach extends across the globe. With active projects in coastal areas including the Pacific, Americas, Middle East, and the Caribbean, we bring local expertise to every project while maintaining a global perspective. Our presence in these diverse regions allows us to tailor our solutions to meet the unique challenges of each coastline, backed by an understanding of local and environmental conditions. Ready to discuss your coastal or marine project? Book your free consultation