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To protect beach amenity value, the prevention of coastal erosion is critical. With factors like climate change and sea level rise there's never been more need for well designed measures against coastal erosion. Seawalls are a great example of one solution. But is a seawall suitable for your site/project? This article reviews the advantages and disadvantages of seawalls and how to determine suitability for you site. What is a seawall? A seawall is a manmade barrier constructed where the land meets the sea. Their main purposes are: To prevent land loss through the coastal erosion process To hold the land in position, creating a permanent/fixed border in the case of marine infrastructure, like marinas or harbours. There are many different types of seawall (both in design and material makeup), that perform differently under various exposed conditions. And there is not necessarily one ‘best’ kind of seawall, as each site has its own unique requirements and interacts with the dynamic coastal environment in their own way. In most cases, seawalls are exposed to the natural conditions and can therefore be seen. This can disrupt the aesthetic of a location. However, without the seawall, the natural conditions may be subject to serious erosional damage and land loss. This may be due to natural causes, such as high wave conditions, or man-made changes, such as disruption to the coastline/the natural sand and water flow which can create erosion ‘hotspots’ that need coastal erosion solutions . Types of Seawalls While the advantages and disadvantages of seawalls can vary depending on the design, several factors influence which type is best suited for your site. These factors include: Cost Visual aesthetic Sit location in the coastal zone Functionality and usability Impact on the site/environment These factors should be taken into consideration when choosing the right type of seawall for the site to deter from unwanted disadvantages of seawalls. The most common types of seawall include: Sloped Sewall Stepped Seawall Vertical Sewall Curved Sewall Stacked or Module Seawall There are also combinations of the above mentioned. And, each of these different types of seawalls can be made of different types of material (discussed in the following sections). Emergency or Temporary Seawalls In many coastal locations around the globe the beaches are considered government or state land. Typically, in these instances, government approvals are required before there can be any construction of seawall structures (especially if they are going to directly touch/impact the beach). In some cases, where there is a direct threat to property or infrastructure, an emergency or temporary seawall may be installed/constructed without going through the typical approval process. Note that regulations can very significantly between states and local governments, so it is always best to check on which approvals are required (as some locations implement what is called 'managed retreat' whereby you may not be able to build any kind of seawall, temporary or not). Emergency or temporary seawalls can be built quickly and are often made using material that is easy to remove if/when it is necessary. These include materials like geotextile sand containers and other emergency flood protection filling modules. Advantages and Disadvantages of Seawalls for Emergency Works Like all coastal erosion protection structures there are advantages and disadvantages, with the emergency or temporary works there are a few things to consider. Advantages: Typically, works can be performed quickly bypassing the lengthy approval process required for some other types of seawalls Generally, as the emergency or temporary works are not designed for longevity, they can be built cheaper (depending on the materials used/site conditions) that traditionally, long-term, exposed seawalls In many cases, the emergency works could be removed if necessary. Disadvantages: Quick installation of emergency works may not be the best long-term solution and therefore, the temp works may need to be removed at some point for better long term solutions Quick, cheap solutions may not have the best aesthetic to match the site Exposed Seawalls This is the most common type of seawall. These seawalls are designed to be permanently exposed to the ocean and wave environment. Seawalls interact with the coastal processes of a sandy beach in terms of onshore/offshore sand transport and local longshore sand transport when present in the active zone. Numerous papers evaluate the influence of seawalls based on their location in the active prism and the long-term beach stability – accreting, stable, nourished, or eroding [2]. Nevertheless, a popular and too simplistic idea prevails that seawalls cause coastal erosion and destroy beaches. Consequently, seawalls are often disregarded during option evaluations. An exposed seawall in the surf zone under wave attack would result in reflection and scour in front of the wall and/or accelerated erosion along the seawall, despite eroded volumes being 60 percent of what they would be without the seawall [1]. Refer to ICM’s Coastal Conference Paper on Terminal Seawalls for more info. Advantages and Disadvantages of Seawalls that are Exposed Advantages The biggest and most obvious advantage of exposed seawalls is that they mitigate wave energy from hitting the landmass Exposed seawalls can be used to reshape natural or man-made coastal areas by creating a solid edge/definitive line In most cases, seawalls are used to prevent land loss behind the wall, thereby preserving property or infrastructure Disadvantages Seawalls by design stop/reduce wave energy from passing through or over the wall. This wave energy therefore is either reflected or redistributed somewhere else. Often, part of the wave energy is reflected back to the sea which can create an erosion hotspot at the base of the seawall itself (referred to as scour). Through proper coastal engineering design, scour can be accounted for and therefore built into the seawall design to reduce the scour effect If seawalls are built out of the natural beach alignment the can act as a kind of groyne and disrupt the longshore sand transport to beaches/properties on the leeward side of the wall Exposed seawalls look man-made (as they are) and can therefore take away from the natural beauty of a site (atheistic interruption) It should be noted that proper designed seawalls by experienced coastal engineers can improve site protection and mitigate negative impacts. Get in touch today to speak with real coastal engineering experts in the field of rock wall design . Terminal Seawalls Seawalls that are situated as far inland as possible from "normal" beach changes are termed terminal seawalls. These structures are only active during severe erosion events and remain buried under normal circumstances. A terminal wall, which is often buried within the dune buffer zone, limits erosion during severe events and serves as a clear planning boundary between the active beach and permitted development. Due to the fact that these occurrences may only occur for brief periods a few times per hundred years, the potential for negative impacts on the beach is equally brief. Advantages and Disadvantages of Terminal Seawalls Advantages One of the greatest advantages of terminal seawalls over exposed seawalls is there low visual impact As the seawall only becomes exposed during an extreme event, the storm demand is sourced from almost the entire upper beach profile and not just scour at the base of the seawall. The waves are generally depth limited and of smaller magnitude, resulting in a smaller structure with lower design requirements, less toe scour, and less overtopping Disadvantages Terminal seawalls only come into effect during extreme events when the rest of the beach profile has become eroded and are therefore a ‘last line of defences’ approach Think a terminal seawall may be suitable for your site? Revetment walls Revetment walls are essentially 'small' seawalls that are designed to absorb wave energy and reduce erosion. They can be sloped, stepped, or vertical walls made from durable materials such as rock, concrete, or geotextile containers (for emergency works). By dispersing the force of water, revetments protect canals, riverbanks, and infrastructure from damage during high tides, storms and floods. ​​ ​ How they work: Retain and protect land from erosion Absorb wave energy to prevent structural damage Serve as critical infrastructure for coastal and water-front properties Materials used for seawalls As mentioned previously, there are a wide range of materials used for seawalls. Each will have their own advantages and disadvantages depending on the site. Hard engineering design often refers to materials in seawalls such as: Rock Concrete Steel Gabions (rock baskets) Wood Composite Materials There are also ‘softer’ approaches using technologies such as: Sand filled geotextile containers Self-standing sand filled modules Green solutions are considered dune vegetation or landscaping. While this would not be considered a stand-alone seawall solution, it is often incorporated into the design process to reduce the visual impact and add a more ‘natural’ look to the site on completion. How Effective are Seawalls? Seawall effectiveness comes down to design and installation execution and can vary significantly (depending on how well the design is done). Seawalls can be very effective at protecting landmass from wave impact/erosion. In most cases it is not a question of the seawalls effectiveness of protecting the immediate site, however, how the seawall interacts with the surrounding coastal environment and adjacent sites is often the area of concern. When designing and installing seawalls, careful consideration should be taken into the long-term effects of the wall on the surrounding area. In conjunction with other coastal protection measures like beach nourishment, seawalls can be very effective in maintain both stable beaches and secure property lines. Do Seawalls Stop Tsunamis? Seawalls can be designed for a wide range of impact possibilities and wave conditions. From small waves (boat wake and wash), to large wave events such as Tsunamis and significant storm surge events. Experienced coastal engineers can determine which wave conditions need to be considered when designing seawalls at a site and can accommodate this into the design process. Designing and building seawalls to stop Tsunamis would require for instance, larger/heavier rock or modules with thicker overall width and higher design crests. Do Seawalls Erode Beaches? As discussed, there is a misconception that seawalls only erode beaches. One of the disadvantages of seawalls (if not designed properly) is that they can have negative effect on the immediate beach, through wave reflection and scour. They can also have negative effects on the surrounding beaches and adjacent properties. If designed properly inconjunction with a hollistic approach to coastal protection, they can be very effective. Therefore, it is critical to engage with experienced coastal engineers when considering seawalls as a solution for your site. Are Seawalls Sustainable? Sustainability in design can consider a few different elements: The materials used The impact on the site (and surrounding sites) Sustainability relative to the materials themselves will vary greatly depending on the material source relative the proposed site. For example, quarried rock is often used is seawall design and construction. In areas with accessibility to quarried rock (assuming the quarries themselves are operated in a sustainable way, which may relate to things like volume of rock available vs. time impact on the environment, etc.) the rock may be a viable choice with relatively low transport costs associated. In areas where no quarried rock is available, there may be options to ship in rock or use locally available material such as coral rock, or sand (into containers). In summary, there is no clear-cut answer to sustainability in seawalls as each site and design will vary significantly. It should be noted that sustainability in design is something that needs to be considered for a holistic approach. Are seawalls expensive? The cost of a seawall at different sites can vary significantly. Factor effecting cost include: The design itself Some sites will require larger seawalls to protect against high power wave/storm conditions Some sites will require smaller walls The material Depending on which material type is used it will determine the constructability and associated costs, transport to site costs, etc. In all coastal erosion protection design there are few different costs to consider: Capital cost The upfront cost to design and build the structure The maintenance cost Any ongoing maintenance that may be required In general, higher capital cost require lower ongoing maintenance. Whereas lower capital cost may require more ongoing/higher maintenance costs. Are seawalls affordable to maintain? As mentioned above, the maintenance cost of seawalls will depend heavily on the type of design and material used. For example, at a remote site where no quarried rock is available, coral rock may be used which would be a lower capital cost than importing quarried rock. However, over time, the coral rock will not likely hold up in storm conditions as long as quarry rock. Therefore, the coral rock seawall may need to be maintained with additional coral rock or completely replaced. These kinds of capital vs. long term costs will need to be considered when deciding on seawall material and design. What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Seawalls? In summary, there are plenty of advantages and disadvantaged of seawalls. For the most part, seawalls are a very effective way of maintaining a structural line for land and property protection. The main disadvantages of seawalls are that they can create localised erosion. This can be at the base of the seawall itself or at adjacent properties. If designed properly in conjunction with a hollisitc approrach to site resilience building, seawalls can be very effective. Looking at implementing a seawall to your property? Be sure to consult with an industry professional (experienced coastal engineer). Or if you're looking for seawall alternatives, consider a variety of coastal resilient measures like Multi Purpose Artificial Reefs in conjunction with nearshore nourishment . Contact us today for consultation to determine which seawall is right for you. Read more about artificial reefs or sand bypassing systems as a coastal erosion solution. References: [1] Barnett, M.R., "Laboratory Study of the Effects of a Vertical Seawall on Beach Profile Response," UFL/COEL-87/005, University of Florida, Coastal & Oceanographic Engineering Department, Gainesville, FL, May, 1987. [2] Dean, R. G. and Dalrymple, R. A. (2004). Coastal Processes and Engineering Applications. Cambridge University Press. pp. 404-406

On the Gold Coast, coastal dunes play a vital role in building natural defences against erosion and storms, creating a dynamic landscape where urban development and natural beauty coexist. These sand dunes not only enhance the region’s coastal resilience but also provide essential protection for the shoreline. International Coastal Management (ICM) has been a leader in implementing nature-based solutions that restore and strengthen coastal dunes, ensuring a sustainable balance between development and the coastal environment. Read on to learn all about sand dunes, how they are formed, and their role in resilience. Table of Contents: What Are Coastal Dunes? How Are Coastal Dunes Formed on a Coast? How do Sand Dunes Prevent Coastal Erosion? The Role of Gold Coast Sand Dunes in Coastal Management and Resilience The Gold Coast - A Model for Coastal Sand Dune Management Urban Dunes in Coastal City Planning Using Sand Dunes for Coastal Resilience Sand Dune Restoration How does Dune Fencing Help the Development of Sand Dunes? Want to Develop Coastal Resilience Strategies for your Coastline or Property? What Are Coastal Dunes? Coastal dunes are naturally occurring formations along the shoreline, consisting of windblown sand that accumulates to create protective barriers. Dunes are essential for maintaining coastal resilience by acting as a buffer between the land and sea. They can help absorb the energy of storms, reduce coastal erosion , and protect inland areas from flooding - but they're not a standalone solution. Why Are Sand Dunes Important? They are vital to sand management because they offer long-term benefits for protecting the shoreline. Their ability to absorb the impact of storms and high tides means that they can help reduce the frequency and severity of beach erosion , preserving the coastline and protecting communities. Well-maintained dunes also build biodiversity by providing habitats for plants and animals. How Are Coastal Dunes Formed on a Coast? Coastal sand dunes form when waves move sand onto the beach, and strong winds ( above 15-20 knots ) blow the sand further inland. This process, known as aeolian transport , deposits sand onto dunes. As the dunes grow, vegetation helps trap the sand, stabilising the dunes and preventing further inland movement. The primary dunes protect the coast, while secondary dunes, located further inland, develop with more mature vegetation and are less affected by erosion. While dunes act as natural barriers, they are not standalone solutions to coastal erosion. Their stability and effectiveness depend on the broader dynamics of the coastal system. Successful dune management must also consider the Top of Beach (dunes and vegetation), Bottom of Beach (nearshore stability), and Sediment Supply (sand movement and sources). Adding dunes alone may not suffice if other critical factors are overlooked. How do Sand Dunes Prevent Coastal Erosion? The natural exchange of sand between the sea and the dunes dictates the health of our coastlines. Mild conditions nourish the beach, while storms may carve away at the landscape, pushing sand offshore, creating protective sandbars. Dunes and their vegetation help mitigate this erosion, absorbing wave energy and trapping windblown sand to maintain the delicate balance of the coastal system. However, dunes are only part of the solution. Building sand dunes and vegetation without addressing underlying issues, such as disrupted sediment supply or unstable nearshore zones, can result in limited effectiveness. Our Coastal Resilience Framework, developed over decades of coastal engineering in Australia and globally, emphasises assessing the Top of Beach , Bottom of Beach , and Sediment Supply to develop comprehensive, sustainable coastal solutions that ensure dunes remain functional and effective over the long term. The Gold Coast: A Model for Sand Dune Management In the 1960s, the erosion crisis on the Gold Coast stripped dunes of vegetation, leaving coastal properties exposed and vulnerable. In response, our founder, Angus Jackson , working at the council at the time, introduced a t ransformative approach to sand dune management. By integrating beach nourishment, dune stabilisation, fencing, and vegetation planting, Jackson established a framework that has become synonymous with effective coastal management. This innovative strategy turned the Gold Coast into an internationally recognised model for coastal sand dune management, showcasing the power of natural defences in protecting urban beaches. Gold Coast Dunes - Before & After Key Innovations in Dune Management on the Gold Coast Angus Jackson's contributions during his time as Gold Coast's Director of Beaches and Waterways, included significant advances in policy and practical implementation. His efforts included: Extensive fencing and aerial fertilising trials to stabilise nourished dunes in non-urban areas. Policies for seawall construction and dune management in urban areas. Provisions that all excess sand excavated within 500m of the seawall line was to be placed on the beach and stabilised (previously sold for construction purposes). These measures set the foundation for the Gold Coast’s enduring coastal resilience. The Gold Coast Coastal Planning Policies The policies introduced in the 1980s and expanded in 1990 became foundational for coastal resilience on the Gold Coast: Policy 7 : Foreshore Rock Wall Design and Construction defined seawall construction standards and requirements for dune stabilisation. Policy 15 : Management of Coastal Dune Areas focused on preserving and enhancing dune systems for environmental, visual, and public access benefits. This policy outlined the following key principles for dune management: Stabilising dunes to minimise impacts of cyclonic winds on the natural and built environment adjacent to the active frontal dune area. Preventing sand losses from wind erosion. Establishing a sustainable habitat and wildlife corridors. Reinforcing the visual amenity with appropriate vegetation and public education. Facilitating safe public access through public land within dunal areas by defining access ways and public areas that can be maintained to a high standard with minimal impact on natural systems. Considering the privacy requirements of beachfront residents. Results and Long-Term Impact These policies were very effective and resulted in not only construction of an almost continuous terminal seawall but also facilitated the importation of over 1.5 million cubic metres of sand to form a substantial dune buffer. These measures transformed the Gold Coast into a resilient and visually stunning coastline, proving that thoughtful dune management can simultaneously protect properties, preserve ecosystems, and enhance public enjoyment. The Gold Coast Now: Seawalls + Dunes The Gold Coast’s policies have set a benchmark for coastal development. A central aspect of these policies is the requirement for new beachfront developments to rebuild existing seawalls if they are not up to standard or have degraded. These seawalls must meet Council’s strict design standards and align with the adopted foreshore seawall line, which follows the long-term primary dune alignment. Additionally, properties concerned about erosion or the integrity of their existing seawalls can proactively rebuild these structures, accompanied by dune stabilisation measures. By ensuring that seawalls are complemented with well-maintained dune systems, these policies enhance the stability of the foreshore, reinforce the natural protection offered by dunes, and preserve the visual and ecological value of the coastline. This holistic approach highlights the interconnected nature of seawalls, dune ecosystems, and sediment management in achieving long-term coastal resilience. ICM specialises in designing and constructing seawalls, dune stabilisation and vegetation plans that meet Gold Coast City Council standards. With decades of experience, we provide tailored solutions, ensuring seamless navigation through regulatory approvals to protect your beachfront investment while enhancing resilience. Urban Dunes and Coastal Resilience Coastal dunes are not just natural defenses; they are dynamic systems that can adapt to sea-level rise and evolving coastal conditions. On the Gold Coast, we've demonstrated how dunes can coexist with urban landscapes, blending erosion protection with enhanced livability. Looking ahead, urban dunes will play a pivotal role in climate change adaptation, offering a flexible buffer against rising seas and storm surges while buying critical time for emergency response. These strategies provide a blueprint for building resilient coastal cities worldwide, ensuring that natural defences work in harmony with urban development. Sand Dune Restoration Dunes are naturally dynamic systems, continually shifting and evolving in response to wave energy, storms and wind. The goal is to enhance resilience by reducing severity of erosion and introducing systems that help dunes rebuild and adapt over time.  There is no one-size-fits-all solution, each coastline requires a tailored approach, guided by engineering expertise to identify the most effective strategies. At ICM, we specialise in developing dune systems that protect coastlines while working with natural processes. Here are some potential solutions: The Top of the Beach: The dry beach area, where dunes, natural or engineered, retain sand and stabilise the coastline. Depending on the location, different solutions such as geotextile sand containers , coir logs, and dune fencing can enhance sand retention and protect fragile ecosystems. Dunes can also be developed to bury terminal seawalls. The Bottom of The Beach: Below the low-tide active zone, Nearshore Nourishment and Multi Purpose Artificial Reefs are two solutions that can dissipate wave energy and reduce storm impacts dependent on the site. These measures can reduce erosion effects on dune systems while maintaining natural coastal dynamics. Sediment Supply: Sustainable sediment supply is crucial for long-term success. Options such as sand bypassing systems, backpassing, and reusing locally sourced materials can help dunes remain robust and resilient over time. Our expertise, honed over decades on the Gold Coast, showcases how engineering solutions can work with nature, creating thriving, resilient coastlines that stand as global models for sustainable coastal management. How does Dune Fencing Help the Development of Sand Dunes? Dune fencing is a simple yet effective method to protect and restore coastal dunes. These fences are strategically placed to trap windblown sand, helping to build and stabilise dunes naturally. By reducing foot traffic they protect fragile vegetation that anchors the dunes, and when combined with other restoration efforts, dune fencing supports long-term coastal resilience and enhances ecosystem health. Why Can’t You Walk on Sand Dunes? Although coastal sand dunes may appear resilient, walking on them can severely damage the delicate vegetation that stabilises the sand. Without this vegetation, the dunes become vulnerable to wind erosion, and the sand can be lost inland or carried away by storms. This is why it’s essential to avoid walking on dunes and to use designated pathways to protect these vital coastal formations. Want to Develop Coastal Resilience Strategies for your Coastline or Property? Schedule a free 15-minute consultation with one of our experts. We’ll discuss your needs and explore how ICM can provide tailored solutions for your project.​​​ Acknowledgments We extend our gratitude to the City of Gold Coast and all those who have contributed to shaping its shores - from past councils to consultants and contractors - who have played a pivotal role in maintaining and protecting the coastline through innovative coastal sand dune management.

Artificial reefs are an innovative solution to the growing global challenge of coastal erosion, which threatens beaches, infrastructure, and ecosystems. While traditional approaches like seawalls and groynes provide some relief, they often disrupt natural processes. Artificial reefs are man-made structures designed to work with nature to protect coastlines, support marine life, and enhance recreational opportunities. Learn how artificial reefs can prevent erosion, their design process, and the transformative benefits they bring to our coastlines. What Are Artificial Reefs & How Do They Work? Artificial reefs are engineered structures placed on the seabed to replicate the functions of natural coral reefs. Unlike traditional "hard" engineering solutions, they work with natural processes to create sustainable outcomes. The benefits of artificial reefs include: Reduce Coastal Erosion : Acting as wave breakers, artificial reefs can dissipate wave energy before it reaches the shore, minimising the risk of erosion. Create Marine Habitats : These structures provide surfaces for marine organisms to attach and grow, create a fish habitat, and build biodiversity. Support Recreation : Artificial reefs can enhance surfing, snorkelling, and diving opportunities, making them valuable for tourism and local economies. The Evolution of Multipurpose Artificial Reefs The development of Multipurpose Artificial Reefs (MPARs) was inspired by the growing need to address two critical challenges: beach erosion and the degradation of marine ecosystems. Historically, coastal protection relied heavily on hard engineering solutions such as seawalls , breakwaters, and groynes. While these structures proved effective, they often detracted from the natural beauty of the coastline and offered limited ecological benefits. Multipurpose artificial reefs emerged as a response to these shortcomings, representing a paradigm shift in coastal management. Unlike traditional approaches, these reefs were designed to work with nature , rather than against it. They served as a dual-purpose solution, offering a coastal defence system while simultaneously encouraging marine ecosystems and recreational opportunities. A Case Study: The Gold Coast Multipurpose Artificial Reef The Gold Coast, with its iconic beaches and thriving tourism sector, has long been at the forefront of Australia’s coastal management efforts. However, this region has faced significant challenges due to coastal erosion , which threatened infrastructure, recreational spaces, and natural habitats. Traditional solutions like seawalls and groynes provided temporary relief, but sometimes at the expense of the natural dynamics of the coastline and visual amenity. As the understanding of coastal processes evolved, so did the realisation that a more integrated and sustainable approach was necessary to address the multifaceted challenges of coastal erosion and community needs. The Gold Coast Northern Beaches Protection Strategy To address these challenges, the Gold Coast launched the Northern Beaches Protection Strategy in the late 1990s. This comprehensive plan aimed to address erosion while preserving the natural beauty and functionality of the coastline. A key component of the strategy was the recognition that the protection of the coastline could not rely solely on traditional methods. Instead, it required a holistic approach that included nearshore nourishment , dune vegetation enhancement, and innovative solutions like the construction of multipurpose artificial reefs. The Role of Narrowneck Artificial Reef One of the flagship projects of the Northern Beaches Protection Strategy was the Narrowneck Artificial Reef , a pioneering example of how multipurpose artificial reefs can address erosion and enhance coastal environments. The reef was designed not only to stabilise the shoreline by reducing wave energy and encouraging sediment accumulation but also to enhance marine biodiversity and provide recreational opportunities, particularly for surfing. The artificial reef construction was based on a detailed understanding of coastal processes and the need for structures that could work in harmony with the natural dynamics of the coastline. This approach recognised that effective coastal protection requires flexibility and adaptability to changing conditions and that enhancing the ecological and recreational value of the coastline can be complementary goals. Comprehensive Coastal Management The implementation of the Narrowneck Artificial Reef was part of a broader set of interventions under the Northern Beaches Protection Strategy, which also included beach nourishment and coastal dunes vegetation enhancement. These measures worked in tandem to create a "healthy beach profile" and a "living shoreline", addressing both the immediate concerns of erosion and the long-term sustainability of the coastal environment. Sand nourishment replenished the beaches, providing immediate relief from erosion, while dune vegetation played a crucial role in stabilising the newly placed sand and enhancing the ecological value of the dunes. Together with the artificial reef, these measures exemplified a new paradigm in coastal management, where the protection of the coastline is achieved through the enhancement of its natural and recreational assets. How Multipurpose Artificial Reefs Balance Coastal Protection, the Environment & Recreation Designing Multipurpose Artificial Reefs is a careful balancing act, requiring equal attention to coastal defence, marine ecosystem support, and recreational opportunities. One of the key challenges is engineering a structure that can simultaneously dissipate wave energy to protect shorelines while also creating surfable waves and supporting marine biodiversity. The Narrowneck Artificial Reef project, led by ICM, is a prime example of this. A Multifunctional Attraction To create the artificial reef itself, mega geotextile sand containers were used, which became an attraction in itself, drawing surfers to its engineered breaks (under the right conditions). Below the waves, the reef reshapes the seabed morphology, trapping sand on its downdrift side and creating a varied underwater landscape. This creates a dynamic surf condition that extends well beyond the reef itself. Enhancing Marine Biodiversity Beyond protection and recreation, multipurpose artificial reefs play a crucial role in enhancing marine biodiversity. By mimicking natural reef structures, these provide new habitats for a variety of marine species. The design process involves selecting materials and shapes that encourage the colonisation of marine flora and fauna, turning these structures into thriving underwater ecosystems. The Narrowneck Reef, for instance, has seen a rapid development of a diverse marine ecosystem, demonstrating the ecological success of this artificial reef. Environmental assessments use quantitative methods to evaluate changes in habitat area, species diversity indices, and potential for biomass accumulation on the reef structure. Observations by the National Marine Science Centre indicate that “the biological communities associated with Narrowneck Artificial Reef appear to enhance biodiversity and productivity at a local scale and may also contribute to overall regional productivity.”  Artificial Reef Design Designing artificial reefs, especially Multipurpose Artificial Reefs, is a highly specialised process that involves navigating complex hydrodynamic, geological, and environmental variables. A successful design balances coastal protection, ecological enhancement, and recreational benefits while ensuring safety for all users. Here’s a guide to the key considerations and methodologies involved in creating these innovative structures. Understanding Site-Specific Variables The foundation of artificial reef design lies in a comprehensive understanding of the site’s unique characteristics. These include: Wave Climate : Analysing wave height, period, direction, and energy flux to predict how waves will interact with the reef. Sediment Dynamics: Assessing how sand moves alongshore and cross-shore to ensure the reef enhances sediment deposition without unintended consequences. Ecological Considerations : Evaluating the existing marine habitat to ensure the reef complements local biodiversity and supports new ecosystems. Utilising advanced numerical modelling and physical models, coastal engineers can predict how the reef will interact with natural processes. These tools help refine parameters to ensure the structure’s stability, effectiveness, and safety. Defining Purpose and Functionality The primary purpose of the artificial reef dictates its design. Whether the goal is coastal protection, surf enhancement, or a combination of both, specific design parameters such as location, orientation, and dimensions must align with the desired functionality. For surf enhancement: Wave transformation models can be used to calculate the refractive effects of the reef on incoming waves, using parameters such as wave height, period, and direction. For coastal protection: Designs utilise sediment transport models to estimate the reef's impact on longshore and cross-shore sediment movement, requiring inputs like current velocities, wave energy flux, and grain size distribution of the seabed material. Selecting the Right Artificial Reef Materials Considering what are artificial reefs made of i s a critical component of the design process, influencing both the reef’s durability and its ecological impact. The materials must be able to withstand marine conditions while encouraging marine life colonisation. Thoughtful material selection ensures that the reef is both functional and environmentally responsible, promoting its long-term success as a coastal and ecological asset. Considering User Safety User safety is a critical component of artificial reef design. Detailed safety assessments are conducted to minimise risks to swimmers, surfers, and divers. Safety Factors: Safety assessments involve the calculation of wave breaking intensity, water depth above the reef, and velocity fields around the structure. Safety Design Criteria: This might include setting maximum velocities (e.g., < 0.5 m/s for swimmer safety) and minimum water depths over the reef crest during low tide to prevent injuries. Conducting Risk Assessments Risk assessments play a vital role in identifying potential hazards and planning mitigation strategies. This process involves statistical analysis of wave climate data to identify extreme conditions and simulations for estimating injury risks based on user density, activity types, and environmental conditions. Optimising Design Parameters The specific design elements of the reef, including its crest width, slope, and roughness , directly affect wave-breaking characteristics, sediment deposition, and ecological performance. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models can simulate flow over the reef, providing detailed information on turbulence intensity and shear forces. Evaluating Construction Tolerances and Physical Modelling Construction tolerances are evaluated through sensitivity analysis in physical and numerical models to understand the impact of deviations from the design profile on hydrodynamic and morphological responses. This could involve adjusting the reef height or crest level within a range (e.g., ±0.1 m) in model simulations to assess changes in wave transmission and sediment deposition patterns around the reef. Implementing Risk Management Strategies Management strategies are informed by quantitative risk assessments, including the calculation of incident rates (incidents per user-hour) and the effectiveness of mitigation measures (e.g., reduction in rip current velocity by 50% with the installation of signage or barriers). Hydraulic models predict areas of high energy or currents that could pose risks to users, guiding the placement of warning signs or designated safe zones. The role of Artificial Reefs in Coastal Resilience As we face the escalating challenges of climate change and coastal erosion, the role of multipurpose artificial reefs in coastal management strategies becomes increasingly vital. These structures offer a promising pathway towards sustainable coastal protection, providing a blueprint for future projects around the world. The continued success of them relies on innovative design, rigorous scientific research, and a commitment to preserving our planet's coastal and marine environments. FAQ Do Artificial Reefs Actually Work? Artificial reefs can be effective when designed and implemented properly. These structures are engineered to work with natural processes, providing several benefits: Coastal Protection Marine Biodiversity Recreational Opportunities Projects like the Narrowneck Reef on Australia’s Gold Coast have demonstrated over a twenty year time period that improving shoreline stabilisation while supporting marine biodiversity, and improving recreational use is possible. What Are the Problems With Artificial Reefs? While artificial reefs have significant benefits, they can present challenges if not carefully designed and managed: Poor Placement : If placed incorrectly, artificial reefs can disrupt sediment transport and coastal dynamics, potentially exacerbating erosion in nearby areas. Material Issues : Using inappropriate materials can harm marine ecosystems. For example, non-durable or non-eco-friendly materials can degrade or leach harmful substances. Safety Concerns : Strong currents, shallow areas, or improperly designed reefs can pose risks to swimmers and surfers. Long-Term Monitoring : Artificial reefs require ongoing evaluation and maintenance to ensure they continue to function as intended. To mitigate these issues, proper site analysis, material selection, and risk assessments are critical during the design and implementation phases. Are Artificial Reefs 'The' Solution? The Narrowneck Reef on the Gold Coast in Australia is an example of a successful artificial reef as part of a wider coastal management strategy. Constructed as part of the Northern Beaches Protection Strategy, this multipurpose artificial reef has enhanced biodiversity and improved sand retention at a once venerable location. In general, artificial reefs should be considered as part of a holistic, coastal strategy as not as a stand-alone solution. International Coastal Management The journey of designing multiprupose artificial reefs is a testament to human ingenuity and our ability to work in harmony with nature. At ICM we've been pioneering examples of how artificial reefs can protect our coastlines while enriching the marine ecosystem and enhancing recreational opportunities for decades. As we continue to progress in the field of coastal resilience, these artificial reefs represent not just a piece of the solution but a vision for a sustainable and harmonious future between humanity and the ocean.

Coastal erosion is a global challenge threatening shorelines and communities worldwide. The Living Speed Bumps concept , developed by International Coastal Management (ICM), is a transformative approach to coastal resilience. It offers a sustainable alternative to traditional hard engineering methods, focusing on slowing sand movement while working with natural processes rather than against them. This soft-engineering methodology strikes a delicate balance between protecting coastlines and preserving the natural flow of sand, delivering adaptable and sustainable solutions for vulnerable beaches. Table of Contents What Are Living Speed Bumps? What is Coastal Resilience? A Changing Environment The Coastal Resilience Framework Working in Nature vs. Working With Nature The Living Speed Bumps Design Philosophy Proven Applications of Living Speed Bumps Living Speed Bumps: The Future. Oceanside, CA   Why Choose Living Speed Bumps? Challenges and Adaptations   A Vision for Coastal Resilience What Are Living Speed Bumps?  The Living Speed Bumps  approach refers to strategically placed coastal features designed to reduce the speed of local longshore sand transport and retain sand for longer periods, allowing dunes and beaches to stabilise without downdrift impacts. Unlike contemporary engineering solutions like breakwaters and groynes that disrupt natural processes, living speed bumps slow sand movement while maintaining its fluidity, enabling natural ecosystems to adapt and thrive.  This concept is implemented through two complementary components:  Onshore Speed Bumps: Structures like artificial headlands or low/short by-passable berms  Offshore Speed Bumps: Submerged reefs or breakwaters placed offshore to reduce wave energy and promote sand retention in the nearshore zone  While some coastlines may benefit from a single component, such as a series of onshore speed bumps or a standalone offshore speed bump, others may require both elements working in tandem. Determining the best solution for a site requires the expertise of a specialised coastal engineering team . Our tailored approach ensures that each project aligns with local environmental conditions and community needs, creating a dynamic solution that protects coastlines while supporting their natural evolution.  What is Coastal Resilience?  Coastal resilience is the capacity of coastal communities, ecosystems, and infrastructure to adapt to, withstand, recover from, and thrive despite challenges such as coastal erosion , storm surges, sea-level rise, and climate change. At its core, resilience means 'the ability to return quickly to a previous good condition after a problem or negative change'. In a coastal context, resilience can be assessed across various interconnected areas, including: Physical Shoreline   Environmental Health Community Wellbeing Financial Viability Regulatory Compliance Each of these factors plays a critical role in shaping resilient coastal solutions. From a physical perspective, coastlines are inherently dynamic and often display natural resilience. This is evident on most sandy coastlines, where the ‘ beach erosion ’ and ‘accretion’ pattern (the dotted red line) happens cyclically. During storm seasons, waves break up into the swash zone and erode the dune system . This sand is washed out into the storm bars which help then to reduce further erosion by breaking the waves. During calmer conditions, low wave energy ‘pushes’ the storm bar back into the swash zone, and wind helps to push dry sand back up into the dunes. Typically, new sand makes its way into the system to replace sand that also might have been lost.   Natural Coastal Resilience Response A Changing Environment Changes occur along our coastlines, it is inevitable, the coastal environment is highly dynamic. Some of these are due to natural changes and many are due to human influenced changes. If one of these conditions changes the balance, resilience potential will be disrupted. Examples include: Top of beach : the dunes are removed or built on  Bottom of beach : disruptive offshore structures  Sediment supply : blocked river previously supplying sand to a site or diminishing coral reef which previously provided sand to a site  The Coastal Resilience Framework Building coastal resilience requires a comprehensive approach that addresses three critical components: the Top of Beach, the Bottom of Beach, and the Sediment Supply. The Top of Beach focuses on protecting and restoring dunes and other dry beach areas that act as the first line of defence against erosion and storm surges. The Bottom of Beach ensures the stability of the nearshore zone which includes the subtidal and intertidal areas that dissipate wave energy and support marine ecosystems . Finally, Sediment Supply involves managing sand sources, minimising disruptions, and promoting balanced sediment movement to sustain the beach system. By integrating solutions that improve all three factors while allowing natural processes to thrive, this framework lays the foundation for building coastal resilience. It is a holistic, sustainable approach that prioritises long-term adaptation, environmental health, and community protection. This methodology reflects decades of ICM research and practical experience, offering a proven pathway for resilient and thriving coastlines. Working in Nature vs. Working With Nature Coastal engineering has undergone a significant evolution over the years, moving from approaches that block natural processes to those that embrace and work with them. Understanding this transition is key to creating sustainable coastal resilience solutions today. The Evolution of Coastal Engineering Most coastal solutions are heavily engineered. This is because coastal engineering is derived from civil engineering, and solutions were traditionally incorporated into coastal ports and harbours. These structures required keeping natural processes out (or to a minimum). Waves and moving sand bars within a harbour or marina is not ideal. In fact, it can be dangerous, especially when loading and unloading goods. So, for improved functionality and trade potential, harbours were designed to be unnaturally calm under even the most significant storm events. Requiring large, hard engineering barriers to avoid the natural processes. This was fundamentally an ‘avoid’ approach . Adapting for Beachfront Communities As the popularity of beachfront living increased, the 'change' approach emerged. Engineers developed strategies and structures to alter natural processes, reducing erosion to protect properties and infrastructure. This phase prioritised human needs over the natural environment. Transitioning to ‘Working With Nature’ The modern era of coastal engineering introduced a ‘working with nature’ or 'reduce' approach . Rather than avoid or change natural processes, it aims to ‘reduce’ and slow down the process to retain beaches for extended periods of time.   This approach was pioneered on the Gold Coast in the 1980’s by our Founder Angus Jackson , with the introduction of coastal solutions such as Nearshore Nourishment , which strategically places sand to create ‘designer sand banks’ that can nourish the beach slowly with natural cycles. The ‘reduce’ approach focused on creating ‘speed bumps’ in the coastal zone, which led to the development of multipurpose artificial reefs  (another concept pioneered on the Gold Coast with Angus Jackson ). The development of the sand bypassing  technology then allowed the Gold Coast to address the bottom of the beach, the sediment supply which led to the stabilisation of the top of the beach where significant coastal dune systems  were developed, monitored and managed over the past few decades.   An Example Below in an example of the ‘avoid’ approach (by others) with a significant, emergent breakwater vs. the ‘reduce’ approach  by ICM on the same coastline, in the UAE.  The submerged living speed bump allowed natural processes to occur at the site while maintaining a stable beach for 8 years (as per the contract agreement). The Living Speed Bumps Design Philosophy At its core, the Living Speed Bumps methodology prioritises:  Working With Nature : Slowing natural processes rather than stopping them, allowing sand to move but at a controlled pace that reduces erosion.  Soft Solutions : Favouring flexible, low-impact designs over rigid infrastructure to ensure harmony with coastal ecosystems.  Adaptability : Designing systems that evolve or can be adapted to changing environmental conditions, such as rising sea levels and shifting wave patterns.  Scalability : Tailoring solutions to fit local conditions and expanding them as necessary to address larger areas of coastline. Proven Applications of Living Speed Bumps The Living Speed Bumps concept is not theoretical - it has been successfully implemented in several key projects by ICM  around the world. Each project demonstrates the flexibility and effectiveness of this approach in different coastal contexts:  1. Narrowneck Reef, Gold Coast, Australia Onshore Speed Bump: An existing artificial headland. Offshore Speed Bump: The Narrowneck artificial reef , designed to reduce wave energy and retain sand while creating a habitat for marine life.  Impact: The project enhanced sand retention along the shoreline, improved surfing conditions, and supported biodiversity.    2. Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia Onshore Speed Bumps: Low, ‘soft’ berms were installed to stabilise sand flow and protect the beach from erosion.   Impact: Sand and waves naturally pass over the berms to maintain natural processes along the beach over the ‘speed bumps’ while reducing beach erosion.     3. United Arab Emirates: Submerged Rock Reef Breakwater Offshore Speed Bump: A submerged rock reef breakwater was constructed to reduce wave energy and encourage sand deposition.  Impact: The breakwater successfully stabilised the coastline, providing a sustainable solution for managing erosion while preserving natural sand movement.  4. United Arab Emirates: Offshore geotextile reef and low crested groynes Offshore Speed Bump: A geotextile reef was installed offshore to reduce wave energy and promote sand retention in the nearshore zone.  Onshore Speed Bumps: Low geotextile groynes were implemented along the coastline to complement the reef, managing sand movement effectively.  Impact: This combined approach created a more stable coastline and enhanced long-term resilience against erosion.  Living Speed Bumps: The Future. Oceanside, CA  ICM’s innovative Living Speed Bumps concept is now being implemented in Oceanside, California, as part of our winning proposal for the Re:Beach Design Competition launched by the city and GHD. The project includes:  Onshore Artificial Headlands : Located at Tyson Street Park and Wisconsin Avenue, these structures act as speed bumps to slow sand flow along the top of the beach, helping stabilise sand and create new green spaces for community use.  Offshore Artificial Reef : Positioned between the headlands, this reef reduces wave energy, supports sand retention in the nearshore zone, fosters new marine habitats, and can enhance surf amenity in the reef’s vicinity. The design builds on proven methodologies from ICM’s work on the Gold Coast  and other locations, tailored to Oceanside’s unique coastal conditions. Public engagement played a critical role, with community input emphasising the importance of sand retention, recreational space, and protecting surfing conditions. As a dynamic and scalable solution, Living Speed Bumps offer Oceanside a practical way to reduce erosion while setting a global precedent for innovative coastal resilience.  The Oceanside project is a pilot project and will be heavily monitored in the lead up to the implementation, during and after construction to ensure that the outcomes are met and inform any future decisions or projects along the California coastline. Why Choose Living Speed Bumps?  The Living Speed Bumps approach offers several advantages over contemporary coastal protection methods:  Longevity: By working with natural processes, this concept minimises environmental disruption and can enhance ecosystem health.  Cost-Effectiveness: ‘Soft’ or low’ solutions are often more affordable than large, rigid infrastructure, making them ideal for resource-limited settings. Note that with lower capital costs, maintenance programs should be in place to achieve longevity  Flexibility: Living Speed Bumps can be tailored to suit diverse coastal environments and expanded as needed. The choice of materials, whether geotextile , rock, basalt, or even oyster-based structures, depends on the site’s unique conditions and is guided by ICM’s engineering expertise to ensure maximum effectiveness.  Community Benefits: By preserving beaches, improving accessibility, and enhancing recreational opportunities, these solutions strengthen community connections to the coast while addressing pressing erosion challenges.  Environmental Benefits : Living Speed Bumps encourage biodiversity by creating habitats for marine and coastal species. They promote natural sediment movement and retention, and can integrate nature-based solutions .   This adaptable and sustainable approach makes Living Speed Bumps an innovative choice for building resilient coastlines.  Challenges and Adaptations  While the Living Speed Bumps methodology has proven effective, each project presents unique challenges. Key considerations include:  Environmental Sensitivities: Ensuring that designs support local ecosystems and species  Balancing Competing Needs: Managing trade-offs between sand retention, surfing conditions, and public access, capital costs vs. maintenance costs   Long-Term Monitoring: Establishing robust post-construction monitoring programs to assess effectiveness and make data-driven adjustments.  ICM’s extensive experience allows for adaptive management, ensuring that solutions remain effective in the face of dynamic coastal processes.  A Vision for Coastal Resilience  Living Speed Bumps represent a transformative approach to coastal resilience, offering an alternative to contemporary engineering methods. By slowing natural processes rather than changing/blocking them, this methodology provides a more harmonious balance between protection, adaptation, and environmental preservation.  As climate change intensifies and coastal erosion accelerates, the need for innovative, solutions like Living Speed Bumps has never been greater. From the Gold Coast to Oceanside, ICM continues to lead the way in developing and implementing cutting-edge designs that protect shorelines and empower communities. Interested in learning more about Living Speed Bumps or collaborating on a coastal resilience project? Contact us today to explore tailored solutions for your coastline.

To support the restocking of the endangered Safi fish, ICM partnered with EcoCoast to design and install eco-engineered artificial reef modules in the Al Yasat Ali Island harbour. These innovative structures provide a safe habitat and promote algae growth, creating optimal conditions for juvenile Safi survival.  Project Details  Date:  2012  Location:  Al Yasat Ali Island, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates  Project Partners:  EcoCoast    About This Project  The Challenge  The endangered Safi fish faced low survival rates during a restocking program due to limited natural habitat and insufficient food sources in the harbour. The project required a habitat enhancement solution that could support algae growth and protect juvenile Safi fish while maintaining harbour usability for vessels and recreational activities.  The Solution  ICM , in partnership with EcoCoast , implemented a comprehensive strategy to address these challenges:  Site Investigation: Comprehensive assessments of site characteristics, including currents, wave action, water depth, salinity, and temperature, to ensure the design met environmental and operational requirements.  Detailed Design: Creation of custom Eco-Mat modules featuring a geotextile base to promote algae growth and vertical elements to provide shelter and enhance the growth of filamentous algae as a food source. A strategic placement plan for the modules was developed to maximise effectiveness while accommodating harbour constraints.  Installation: Partnered with EcoCoast for the fabrication and supervised the installation of 52 modules, completing the deployment in just one day with the help of a skilled diving team.  Ongoing monitoring post-installation demonstrated the modules’ success in fostering algae growth and providing safe habitats for juvenile Safi fish, contributing to the species' survival and population growth.  “Our innovative reef modules have transformed the harbour into a thriving habitat, offering hope for the endangered Safi fish population.” - Aaron Salyer, International Coastal Management    Services Provided  Site Investigation  Detailed Design  Installation  Research & Development  Project Management    Get in Touch  ICM brings expertise in eco-engineering solutions for habitat restoration and marine biodiversity enhancement. Contact us to discuss how we can support your environmental and conservation goals.

Oceanside, California has faced decades of severe beach erosion, threatening its coastline and recreational areas. Responding to community advocacy, the city launched the Re:Beach Design Competition to source innovative solutions from international firms, where ICM’s Living Speed Bumps concept was selected as the winning design.  Project Details  Client:  City of Oceanside  Date:  2023-2027  Location:  Oceanside, California    About this Project:  The Challenge  Oceanside has struggled with coastal erosion for over 80 years, losing significant amounts of sand despite repeated replenishment efforts. The community, recognising the critical need for long-term solutions, advocated for the city to launch the Re:Beach Design Competition . This initiative invited international firms to propose innovative approaches that balanced sand retention with community and environmental priorities, such as preserving surf conditions, recreational spaces, and ecological health.  The Solution  ICM’s winning proposal introduced the Living Speed Bumps concept, a sustainable, nature-based approach to sand retention. This design slows natural sand movement without disrupting coastal dynamics, ensuring long-term stability and adaptability.  Key features of the project include:  Onshore Artificial Headlands: Situated at Tyson Street Park and Wisconsin Avenue, these headlands slow sand movement along the back beach, stabilising sand, encouraging dune growth, and creating accessible green spaces for community use.  Offshore Artificial Reef: Positioned between the headlands, the reef reduces wave energy, encourages nearshore sand retention, and enhances surf conditions by creating more consistent breaks.  Building on proven methodologies like the Narrowneck Reef in Australia , ICM tailored the design to meet Oceanside’s specific challenges. Community input was integral throughout the process, ensuring the project addressed local concerns, including the preservation of surfing conditions, accessible beach areas, and ecological sustainability.  “Our Living Speed Bumps design showcases how nature-based engineering can transform coastal resilience while respecting community and environmental needs. Oceanside’s initiative sets a global example for innovation in coastal resilience.” - Aaron Salyer, Director, ICM    Services Provided:  Coastal erosion analysis  Community and stakeholder engagement  Preliminary Design  Upcoming detailed design phase (2024–2026)  Future construction phase (2026–2027, TBD)    Get in Touch:  With decades of expertise in innovative coastal management solutions, ICM is a global leader in building resilient coastlines through nature-based approaches like the Living Speed Bumps. Whether addressing erosion challenges or enhancing recreational spaces, our tailored designs work with natural processes and deliver long-term results. Contact us today to discuss how we can support your coastal resilience goals.

ICM conducted a feasibility study to assess the practicality of constructing an artificial surfing reef at Middleton Beach, Albany, to enhance surf quality and frequency. The study concluded that an artificial reef is feasible and would offer significant social, environmental, and economic benefits to the local community.  Project Details  Client:  Southern Ocean Surfers (SOS) with support from Great Southern Development Commission and the City of Albany  Date:  2003-2004  Location:  Middleton Beach, Albany, Western Australia  About this Project  The Challenge:  Middleton Beach, located near Albany, lacked consistent and quality surf due to its dependence on favorable wave conditions and sandbar formations. While high-quality surf spots existed nearby, they were at least a 40-minute drive away and suited mainly to experienced surfers due to heavy ocean swells. This limited opportunities for local surfers, especially youth and beginners, and reduced the area's potential to attract surf tourism and related economic benefits.  The Solution:  ICM was commissioned to evaluate the feasibility of constructing an artificial surfing reef at Middleton Beach. Key aspects included:  Feasibility Study:  Investigating site conditions and various design options, including V-shaped artificial banks, surf banks integrated with erosion protection works, and standalone structures. Considering various construction materials such as sand-filled geotextile containers, rock, and innovative reef systems.  Cost-benefit Analysis: Considering social, environmental and economic aspects.   The study concluded that a surf reef at Middleton Beach would provide the best outcomes, balancing economic, social, and environmental benefits. In the long term, a number of reefs could be implemented progressively, and Middleton Beach promoted as a surfing precinct with a range of surf reefs exhibiting different characteristics.    “This project demonstrates how thoughtful coastal engineering can enhance recreational opportunities while addressing environmental and economic goals” - Angus Jackson, Director at International Coastal Management Services Provided:  Feasibility Study  Preliminary Design & Modelling  Economic & Environmental Assessments  Stakeholder Consultation    Get in Touch:  With over 40 years of coastal engineering expertise, ICM specialises in designing innovative solutions like surf enhancement reefs. Contact us to learn how we can help bring your coastal vision to life.

The Fairmont Ajman, a luxury 5-star resort in the UAE, faced severe coastal erosion caused by storm conditions. ICM delivered a robust, long-term coastal management solution to stabilise the beach while preserving its natural beauty and guest amenity.  Project Details  Client:  Fairmont Ajman  Date:  2015  Location:  Ajman, UAE    About This Project  The Challenge  Situated on an exposed Arabian Gulf coastline, the Fairmont Ajman faced persistent beach erosion driven by shamal storm conditions. Previous coastal protection attempts, including a low-crested rubble breakwater and beach nourishment, failed to provide adequate protection or maintain the site’s aesthetic appeal. With only 14 weeks before the resort’s grand opening, a comprehensive and resilient solution was required to create a stable beach and a safe swimming area for guests.  The client requested a guaranteed stable beach guarantee for 8 years while maintaining clear, uninterrupted views out oi the Arabian Gulf. This was achieved successfully.   The Solution  ICM developed and implemented an innovative coastal management plan designed to protect the beach from erosion while preserving uninterrupted ocean views. Key elements included:  Submerged Breakwater Reef:  A wide-crested submerged reef was designed to reduce erosion during typical storm events, maintaining the natural beach profile.  Terminal Seawall:  Constructed using sand-filled geotextile containers , this soft protection measure limited landward erosion during severe weather while minimising user impacts. Trapbags were incorporated to enable rapid deployment.  Nourished Profile:  The beach was replenished and reshaped to enhance guest amenity and provide a resilient coastal ecosystem.  With detailed and rapid planning and execution, ICM transformed the eroding shoreline into a stable and picturesque beach capable of withstanding harsh environmental conditions. The project was completed on schedule, ensuring the resort’s readiness for its grand opening and guaranteeing an eight-year stabilised beach performance. “This project highlights how innovative coastal engineering can achieve both functional resilience and aesthetic harmony. At Fairmont Ajman, we delivered a solution that not only protects the coastline but enhances its value for guests and the environment.” - Aaron Salyer, Project Lead, International Coastal Management  Services Provided  Concept Design  Numerical Modelling  Detailed Design  Construction Supervision  Monitoring  Get in Touch  ICM’s expertise in delivering innovative coastal management solutions ensures optimal outcomes for luxury waterfront developments. Contact us to learn how we can stabilise your coastline while enhancing its natural appeal.

The canal revetment at Anchorage Isle required upgrades to safeguard residential properties from erosion and structural instability. ICM designed and supervised the transformation of the revetment into a durable geotextile and rip-rap structure.  Project Details  Client:  The Isle Neighbourhood Association  Date:  2002  Location:  Anchorage Isle, Mariner’s Drive East, Tweed Heads, Australia    About This Project  The Challenge  Anchorage Isle's existing basalt boulder revetment was showing signs of wear and erosion, threatening the stability of nearby residential properties and infrastructure. Without prompt action, the degradation posed risks of further erosion, property damage, and significant repair costs.  The Solution  ICM conducted a comprehensive site inspection and condition assessment to identify the extent of the issues. A detailed rectification plan was developed, incorporating:  Geotextile & Rip-Rap Design: Replacing the existing basalt boulder structure with a modern geotextile and rip-rap system to enhance stability and longevity.  Approvals & Technical Specifications: Securing all necessary approvals and preparing technical specifications for precise construction implementation.  Construction Supervision: Overseeing the construction process to ensure quality and compliance, providing certification upon completion.  The rectified revetment now offers robust protection against erosion, safeguarding the residential estate and enhancing the canal-front aesthetic.  “Our work at Anchorage Isle demonstrates ICM’s commitment to delivering practical, long-lasting coastal protection solutions that align with community needs.” - Angus Jackson, Founder, International Coastal Management Services Provided  Site Inspection  Condition Assessment  Rectification Recommendations  Rectification Design  Approvals  Technical Specification  Contract Management  Construction Supervision and Certification    Get in Touch  ICM specialises in designing and delivering durable coastal protection solutions for residential and community waterfronts. Contact us to ensure your shoreline remains resilient and secure.

The Northern Gold Coast Beach Protection Strategy (NGCBPS) was designed to provide sustainable, long-term coastal management for the northern Gold Coast. The project successfully widened and protected beaches from erosion while enhancing surfing conditions through innovative engineering solutions. Project Details: Client: Gold Coast City Council Date: 1997-2001 Location: Northern Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia About This Project The Challenge The northern Gold Coast beaches faced significant erosion during storm conditions, threatening coastal resilience and recreational beach use. As a popular surfing destination, the area also required enhancements to improve surfing conditions without compromising environmental sustainability. The Solution The Northern Gold Coast Beach Protection Strategy (NGCBPS) was initiated by  Gold Coast City Council  to provide a sustainable long-term coastal management solution for the Northern Gold Coast.  The primary purpose of the project was to widen and protect the northern Gold Coast beaches from erosion in storm conditions. As this is a popular surfing area, the secondary objective was to improve the surfing amenity. International Coastal Management (ICM) developed and implemented an integrated and sustainable strategy to address these challenges. Key components included: Beach Nourishment : An initial placement of 1.2 million cubic meters of sand to widen the beaches. Nearshore Artificial Reef : Designed as a coastal control point, improving wave quality for surfers while stabilising sand movement. Boulder Wall Completion : Strengthening shoreline defenses against severe weather impacts. Ongoing Maintenance Nourishment : Regular sand replenishment to maintain beach width and storm protection. ICM managed all aspects of the project, including design studies, impact assessment studies, final engineering design, and implementation. Advanced construction techniques using mega sand-filled geotextile containers were used for the reef, ensuring cost-effectiveness, safety, and ecological benefits. The reef provided a substratum for diverse marine life, creating a vibrant ecosystem that exceeded expectations. Monitoring & Results The impact studies included a  cost-benefit study  undertaken by  Griffith Centre for Coastal Management (GCCM) and a comprehensive Environmental Management Plan that was developed with GCCM.  As part of the design studies, physical and numerical modeling was undertaken by Water Research Laboratory (University of NSW), Griffith Centre for Coastal Management and the University of Waikato.  Extensive monitoring has demonstrated the strategy’s success in maintaining an increased storm buffer during significant wave events (up to Hmax >13m) and enhancing surfing conditions. The reef has also become a valued recreational diving and fishing destination, adding ecological and community benefits. The mega sand filled geotextile containers used for construction of the reef have proved to be a safe and economical construction material. The monitoring has provided data to facilitate improvements to the geotextile materials and container design. The non-woven Terrafix geotextile has also provided an excellent substratum for a diverse range of marine vegetation and the extent and diversity of the marine habitat formed has greatly exceeded expectations. The development of this diverse marine ecosystem contributes to the environmental value of the reef structure as well as providing a new recreational dive and fishing location. “The North Gold Coast Beach Protection Strategy demonstrates how innovative engineering and environmental integration can deliver long-term resilience and recreational value to our coastlines.” - Angus Jackson, International Coastal Management Services Provided: Coastal Management Strategy Development Beach Nourishment Design & Implementation Artificial Reef Design & Construction Impact Assessment Studies (IAS) Environmental Management Plans (EMP) Monitoring & Maintenance -> Learn more about the Northern Gold Coast Beach Protection Strategy . Get in Touch At ICM, we specialise in designing and delivering innovative coastal protection strategies tailored to unique challenges. Our decades of experience, combined with sustainable solutions, ensure long-lasting results for communities and ecosystems. Contact us today to learn how we can support your coastal management needs.

The rising global interest in surfing (and consequently artificial surf reefs) reflects a desire to merge coastal protection with recreational value, yet the complexity and mixed success make them a challenging innovation to implement effectively. At International Coastal Management (ICM) , we’ve been involved with artificial surf reef developments for the last 40 years, refining the art of balancing coastal protection with surfing functionality. As coastal communities face increasing challenges from erosion, sea-level rise, and the need for tourism-driven economic growth, the lessons learned from global artificial surfing reef projects can serve as a roadmap for future projects.  Table of Contents What are Artificial Surf Reefs? Artificial Surf Reef Design Challenges and Variables Designing for Surfing vs. Coastal Protection Global Artificial Surf Reefs Upcoming Artificial Reef Projects Key Considerations for Successful Artificial Surf Reefs FAQ: Understanding Artificial Surf Reefs Get in Touch What are Artificial Surf Reefs? Artificial surf reefs are man-made underwater structures engineered to replicate the benefits of natural reefs. These structures aim to enhance wave quality by shaping surfable waves, improving wave face cleanliness, and extending ride length. While they are often thought to offer coastal protection by reducing wave energy and minimising beach erosion , in practice, surf reefs rarely achieve both objectives effectively.    "Artificial reefs can improve surf conditions, but expectations must be managed. Surfable waves depend on highly variable factors like wave height, period, and wind direction. Designing the ‘perfect wave’ for everyone is not realistic." - Angus Jackson, Founder, International Coastal Management   Constructed with materials like geotextile sand containers , rocks, or concrete modules on the ocean floor, artificial surf reefs are typically optimised for either surfing performance or coastal protection, but achieving both simultaneously requires careful trade-offs and compromises.  Artificial Surf Reef Design Challenges and Variables Designing an artificial surf reef requires precision and consideration of many variables. The type of breaker, peel angle, and wave height are all critical to achieving a rideable wave. A reef that produces consistent, progressive waves for surfers must account for local seabed contours, wave energy, and target users.  Key artificial surf reef design parameters include: Wave Height and Period:  Determines the energy and surfability of the wave Breaker Type:  Spilling waves suit beginners; plunging waves appeal to advanced surfers Peel Angle:  Influences how progressively the wave breaks along its crest, critical for rideable conditions For example, a 1-meter wave will break in water approximately 1 to 1.4 meters deep. The reef’s shape must encourage waves to break progressively along the crest, creating the "peeling" effect desired by surfers. The perfect reef for one group of surfers may not suit another. Beginners benefit from safer, spilling waves, while advanced surfers usually prefer the challenge of steep, plunging breaks.  Designing for Surfing vs. Coastal Protection The experience on the Gold Coast highlights a key reality: designing a surf reef is much more complex than it seems. While natural reefs around the world can (in the right conditions) create ideal surfing conditions, replicating this in an engineered structure is not as simple as it sounds.  The challenge lies in achieving the precise conditions needed to produce a progressive, rideable wave that offers a long, consistent surfing experience. A surf reef requires careful attention to the placement and geometry of the reef’s crest, which must be carefully angled toward the beach to ensure waves break in a way that’s optimal for surfing. In contrast, coastal protection reefs can be more straightforward, often taking the form of submerged breakwaters designed to reduce wave energy and prevent beach erosion.  Global Artificial Surf Reefs  Artificial reefs have been developed worldwide with varying degrees of success, showcasing the complexities and challenges of combining coastal erosion protection with surfing enhancement. Below is an overview of notable projects, highlighting their objectives, construction methods, and outcomes: Bukitts Reef, Bargara, Queensland (1997)  Objective:  Surf-only improvement.  Materials:  Basalt boulders.  Construction Method:  Existing rocks on the headland were repositioned using an excavator at low tide. Approximate volume: 300m³.  Outcome:  A cost-effective and community-driven effort that transformed hazardous conditions into a peeling right-hand wave, Angus Jackson of ICM was able to provide valuable input into this pioneering concept. Cables Reef (Cable Station), Western Australia (1998-1999) Objective:  Surf-only enhancement.  Materials:  Limestone rock.  Construction Method:  Rocks placed from a barge. Approximate volume: 5,000m³.  Outcome:  Although it created high-quality waves, inconsistent swell conditions limited the Perth artificial surfing reefs effectiveness, with surfable days occurring sporadically.    Narrowneck Reef, Gold Coast, Queensland (1999-2000 with a top up in 2017)  Objective:  Coastal protection with a secondary goal to improve surf quality.  Materials:  Geotextile sand-filled containers (Terrafix non-woven SFGC).  Construction Method:  150-450t mega sandbags placed via hopper dredge. Approximate volume: 70,000m³.  Outcome:   Narrowneck Reef , designed by ICM, successfully retained sand in the localised area, creating a consistent beach where there had not been before. It created marine biodiversity and surf quality was enhanced but remains limited to specific swell and tide conditions.    Pratte’s Reef, California (2000-2001)  Objective:  Surf enhancement to mitigate the negative impacts of a jetty on local surf conditions.  Materials:  Geotextile sand-filled containers (Nicolon woven).  Construction Method:  14t geotextile containers placed by crane on a barge. Approximate volume: 1,350m³.  Outcome:  The reef failed to consistently produce quality waves and was dismantled in 2010 due to structural issues and environmental concerns    Mount Maunganui Reef, Tauranga, New Zealand (2008)  Objective:  Improve surfing conditions while enhancing beach width and biodiversity.  Materials:  Sand-filled geotextile containers (terrafix/elco non-woven)  Construction Method:  Containers filled in situ, deployed to create a delta-wing-shaped reef. Approximate volume: 6,000m³.  Outcome:  Produced breaking waves when ideal conditions aligned, but there were construction complications, resulting in hazardous rip currents and eventual removal in 2014.    Boscombe Surf Reef, Dorset, England (2009)  Objective:  Enhance surfing conditions  Materials:  Geotextile sand-filled containers.  Construction Method:  Containers filled with local sand. Approximate volume: 13,000m³.  Outcome:  Initially produced occasional bodyboarding waves but faced structural failures. It was rebranded as a "multi-purpose reef" in 2017 but didn’t meet its original surfing objectives.    Kovalam Reef, Kerala, India (2010)  Objective:  Coastal protection with secondary surf enhancement.  Materials:  Geotextile sandbags (30m long).  Construction Method:  Bags placed to create a 100m surfable left-hand wave. Approximate volume: 4,800m³.  Outcome:  Initially stabilised the beach and improved surf, but structural failure within weeks led to its rapid deterioration.    Palm Beach, Australia (2018)  Objective:  Surfing and coastal protection   Materials:  Quarried rock approx 25,000m ³  Construction Method:  Barge placed quarried rock   Outcome:  Great surf in ideal conditions with surf amenity in the reef vicinity on sand bars for majority of the time    Banbury's Beach, Australia (2018)  Objective:  Surfing   Materials:  Floating air pocket   Construction Method:  Barge placed rubber   Outcome:  Damaged during installation, not able to function     While these reefs showcase the potential of artificial surf reefs, they also highlight the importance of site-specific design and clear project goals.    Upcoming Artificial Reef Projects Albany Reef, Australia (TBD)  Objective:  Surfing   Materials:  Quarried rock  Construction Method:  Barge.  Outcome:  In process. This reef has also been 30 years in the making with initial feasibility study and designs by ICM and Griffith University for the locally lead Surf Group S.O.S and City of Albany. The project was then kicked off again in 2015 and has moved through further design development stages by various other consultants, it’s an exciting one to watch as a purely, surf focused reef.   Oceanside, California (TBD)  Objective:  Coastal protection with secondary surf enhancement.  Materials:  Quarried rock  Construction Method:  Barge.  Outcome:  In process. This reef is part of a coastal revitalising project with the main purpose to retain a sandy beach. ICM is working on the detailed design with GHD.     Other Artificial Surf Reefs ICM has developed surf reef designs for locations such as Dubai and Colombia, with these innovative projects awaiting future construction. Modern surf parks/wave pools have also been built globally, specially designed for making waves perfect for surfing at different levels. Key Considerations for Successful Artificial Surf Reefs The success of an artificial surf reef depends on aligning its design with local conditions, user needs, and environmental considerations. As Angus Jackson explains:  "The final design of any reef is as much social science as physical science. It must suit the culture, economy, and surf community it serves."   The global artificial surf reef projects highlight key takeaways for future reefs:  Define Objectives Clearly:  Is the reef for surfing, coastal protection, or both?  Wave Climate:  Evaluate local wave conditions for consistency and quality  User Safety: Safety cannot be compromised for public users   Materials and Design:  Cost and constructability are heavily influenced by material choices   Leverage Natural Sediment Processes:  Sandbars around reefs can amplify surf conditions.  Community Engagement:  Align with local needs and priorities to ensure acceptance and long-term support.  Account for Maintenance:  Ongoing monitoring and maintenance to ensure long-term success.     FAQ: Understanding Artificial Surf Reefs Do artificial reefs actually work? Artificial reefs are complex structures that require a balance of science, engineering, and site-specific knowledge to succeed. When done right, they not only protect coastlines but also enhance marine habitats and recreational value. The success of reefs like Narrowneck proves the potential when these factors align. What is the most famous artificial reef? The Narrowneck Artificial Reef on the Gold Coast, Australia, is widely regarded as one of the most renowned. It successfully integrates coastal protection with environmental enhancement and improved surfing during ideal conditions, showcasing the multifaceted benefits of artificial surf reefs. What are the advantages and disadvantages of artificial reefs? Artificial reefs are a long-term investment. Their benefits, like coastal protection, biodiversity enhancement, and recreation, are significant, but they require ongoing management to deliver sustainable results. Get in Touch Whether your goal is coastal erosion protection, surfing enhancement, or both, ICM has the expertise to guide your project. With decades of experience designing innovative, sustainable solutions, we’re ready to help you transform your coastline. Contact us today  to learn more.

The coastline represents a dynamic and constantly evolving boundary between land and sea, shaped by natural forces such as tides, storms, and erosion. Coastal engineering plays an essential role in managing and protecting this delicate interface, where large sandy beaches can swiftly transform into vulnerable zones during adverse weather events. This specialised field applies scientific and engineering principles to stabilise shorelines, mitigate erosion, and enhance resilience against coastal hazards. If you are looking for an experienced coastal engineering company , understanding the history and importance of this discipline can provide valuable insights into the expertise required to manage our coastlines effectively. Let's dive deep into the world of coastal engineering. Table of Contents What is Coastal Engineering? What does a Coastal Engineer do? Why is Coastal Engineering Needed? A Brief History of Coastal Engineering Coastal Engineering in the Modern Era Coastal Engineering Pilot Projects Managing the Coastline: A Journey towards Coastal Resilience The Future of Coastal Engineering Coastal Engineering Solutions What is Coastal Engineering? Coastal engineering is a specialised field within civil engineering focused on managing and protecting coastal zones from natural forces and human impacts. This discipline combines scientific analysis and engineering practices to understand and address coastal dynamics, including wave behaviour, sediment transport, erosion, and sea-level changes. Coastal engineers develop solutions that enhance shoreline stability, safeguard against flooding, and support sustainable coastal use, utilising advanced modelling and design techniques to predict the effects of both natural events and engineered interventions. What does a Coastal Engineer do? At its core, coastal engineering combines principles from geology, oceanography, civil engineering, and environmental science to develop solutions for protecting and enhancing coastal environments. Coastal engineers undertake various tasks, such as: Designing and Constructing Protective Structures: Coastal engineers design and build seawalls, revetments, breakwaters, artificial reefs, and groynes to protect against erosion and rising sea levels. These structures are essential in managing coastal erosion, and exploring the advantages and disadvantages of seawalls can provide insights into their effectiveness and limitations. Developing Multi-Purpose Coastal Strategies and Structures: Coastal engineering involves creating structures that ensure safe navigation for vessels, manage sediment transport, and enhance recreational and environmental value. For instance, artificial reefs can offer both coastal protection and recreational benefits. Exploring multi-purpose artificial reefs illustrates how these structures contribute to coastal resilience. Restoring and Replenishing Beaches: Coastal engineers work to counteract erosion by replenishing beaches and restoring coastal dunes, which serve as natural barriers against waves and storm surges. Techniques like nearshore nourishment help maintain beach stability, while coastal dunes offer a sustainable, nature-based approach to coastal resilience. Managing Coastal Habitats and Biodiversity: Coastal zones support diverse ecosystems, and coastal engineers play a role in protecting these habitats. By implementing nature-based solutions, they can balance human activity with environmental preservation. For example, nature-based solutions can enhance both biodiversity and shoreline resilience. Coastal engineers also consider habitat creation when designing coastal structures, as discussed in the power of adaptation through nature-based solutions . Addressing Societal Challenges with Sustainable Solutions: Coastal engineers often address challenges related to climate change, urbanisation, and community resilience. Their work in adapting nature-based solutions to societal needs highlights how these strategies align with long-term sustainability goals while managing coastal infrastructure. Why is Coastal Engineering Needed? Coastal engineering is essential for shaping and protecting our coastal environments, tackling the complex challenges posed by erosion, rising sea levels, and expanding human development. By blending science, technology, and environmental sustainability, coastal engineers address the myriad of challenges and opportunities presented by the dynamic interface between land and sea, driving progress towards a resilient and sustainable coastal future. Climate Change and Sea-Level Rise: As climate change accelerates sea-level rise and intensifies storm events, coastal engineering plays a crucial role in protecting vulnerable coastal areas. Coastal engineers design adaptable, resilient strategies to mitigate flooding risks, manage erosion, and stabilise shorelines. Techniques like beach erosion prevention solutions and coastal sandbypassing systems are examples of proactive measures that enhance shoreline resilience. Economic Importance: Coastal engineering is integral to the functioning of ports and harbors, which serve as essential hubs for international trade. By managing sediment transport, navigational requirements, and structural stability, coastal engineers ensure the efficient operation of these facilities, supporting global commerce and regional economic growth. Marina Development Marinas are vital to the tourism and recreational economy, providing safe harbors for boats and enhancing the appeal of coastal areas. Coastal engineers design and develop marinas to withstand coastal dynamics, manage sedimentation, and ensure safe navigation. Tourism and Recreation: Coastal tourism is a major economic driver, drawing millions to beaches each year. Coastal engineers are responsible for keeping beach communities appealing while also ensuring their visitors safety. They manage beach nourishment projects, the design of recreational facilities, the implementation of measures to preserve the natural beauty of coastal landscapes, and beach erosion prevention solutions all of which contribute to the growth of the tourism industry. Environmental Conservation: Coastal areas are home to ecosystems that are both diverse and fragile, both of which are essential to the survival of marine life. Coastal engineers are essential to the preservation of the natural environment because of the crucial role they play in the design of environmentally friendly coastal structures, the restoration of degraded habitats, and the development of sustainable management practices. In order to protect marine life and keep our oceans in good health, it is essential to strike a balance between the demands of development and the need to preserve ecological integrity. Public Safety and Risk Management: Coastal engineers devise methods of hazard prevention and early warning systems in order to save lives and protect property from natural disasters that can occur along coastlines, such as hurricanes, tsunamis, and storm surges. They improve community preparedness and reduce the negative effects of disasters by conducting risk assessments and vulnerability analyses, which provides input for land-use planning and emergency response strategies . Research and Knowledge Generation: Understanding coastal processes, developing new technologies, and improving engineering practices all require ongoing research and the generation of new knowledge in the field of coastal engineering. Coastal engineers contribute to the advancement of science by carrying out field studies, developing models, and publishing research findings . This process enriches the existing body of collective knowledge and encourages innovation within the sector. A Brief History of Coastal Engineering Coastal engineering can be traced back to ancient civilizations, where its roots were first established. Harbors and fortifications against the sea were famously developed by the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans, respectively. While Australia's early indigenous technologies included weirs and dams for manipulating the coastal zone for aquaculture. Coastal Engineering in the Modern Era The Dutch Influence The Dutch have been at the forefront of modern coastal engineering for centuries. This is due to the fact that a sizeable portion of the Netherlands is located at or below sea level. The development of novel coastal defences is absolutely essential to the survival of the country. Their ingenious systems of dikes, dams, and storm surge barriers, such as the world-famous Delta Works, have set global standards for the prevention of flooding and the management of water resources. In addition, the Dutch method of coastal engineering is not solely focused on preventing water from entering the land; rather, it emphasizes finding ways to coexist with water. This harmonious coexistence with water is demonstrated by ideas such as "Room for the River," which make it possible for certain areas to flood without risk, as well as by the construction of floating homes. This comprehensive and forward-thinking approach has not only helped to preserve the Dutch landscape, but it has also inspired coastal management strategies all over the world. These strategies place an emphasis on adaptability, sustainability, and a profound respect for the natural environment. The United States Army Corps of Engineers Influence As we move into to the modern era, the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) becomes an increasingly important player. The USACE was established in 1802, and its initial focus was on military fortifications and navigational routes. On the other hand, as the United States grew and became more industrialised, the role of the Corps of Engineers in coastal engineering became more prominent. They were in charge of a number of projects, some of which included the construction of lighthouses, jetties, and extensive beach nourishment. Their research, innovations, and in-depth studies of coastal areas have shaped a significant portion of the best practices that are currently used in the field. The Gold Coast Influence Since the 1970's, the Gold Coast has become a living laboratory for modern coastal engineering, and a place where pioneering projects have been tested and monitored. The region's proactive approach to coastal management has led to the development and refinement of techniques that have had a significant impact on coastal engineering practices around the world. These techniques have also had an impact on the development of new techniques. The Gold Coast has established new standards for environmentally responsible beach nourishment, coastal protection structures, and habitat restoration thanks to a number of innovative projects. Lessons in resiliency, adaptability, and harmony with nature can be learned through continuous observation and study of this living coastal lab, which has yielded priceless insights into the dynamic interactions between various coastal elements. International Coastal Management is proud to be a pioneering player in the Gold Coast's history of modern coastal engineering. Initiating projects like the sand bypassing system , nearshore nourishment  and artificial reefs , ICM continues to play a role in the Gold Coast's coastal management strategy. Dubai's Influence The word "innovative" has come to be synonymous with coastal engineering in Dubai, which pushes the limits of what is conceivable and achievable. The iconic projects that the emirate has undertaken in the past, such as the Palm Jumeirah and The World Islands, have brought about a revolution in coastal development and demonstrated the potential to form new landforms in marine environments. These man-made archipelagos, built with meticulously placed sand and rock, are not only marvels of engineering but also testaments to human ingenuity and ambition. The construction of these archipelagos required a great deal of planning and precision. The efforts that Dubai has put forth have prompted advancements in dredging and land reclamation technologies, which have made it possible for seascapes to be transformed into areas that are habitable, functional, and luxurious. However, these monumental projects have also sparked discussions and reflections on environmental sustainability, ecological impact, and long-term viability, prompting coastal engineers and environmentalists to seek balanced solutions that harmonize development desires with ecological prudence. International Coastal Management has been involved in a variety of Dubai's coastal projects over the last couple of decades. From the World Islands to multiple private island developments and coastal structures, with expansion of projects across the UAE and many of the Middle Eastern countries including Bahrain and Qatar. Coastal Engineering Pilot Projects Theories and designs alone can only get us so far in any field of science or engineering. Any coastal engineering project will really be put to the test when it is used in real life. Because of this, pilot projects become an essential strategy. Coastal engineers can keep an eye on results, collect data, and improve their methods by using smaller-scale experiments. The history of man-made reefs is a great example of this. In the past, man-made reefs were mostly made of concrete, old tires, or even ships that had been taken out of service. But in order to find better solutions that are better for the environment and work better, people tried using different materials. The Narrowneck Reef in Australia is a great example of this new way of doing things. The reef was made with geotextile sand containers instead of known building materials. The reef material and construction were specifically designed for the project, forcing development in the field. It was meant to protect the coast and provide a place for recreation. The Narrowneck Reef's success not only taught us a lot about how to use different kinds of materials, but it also showed how coastal protection and better recreation can go hand in hand. Furthermore, the realm of beach nourishment has seen significant advancements, thanks to pioneering work by experts like Angus Jackson . Traditional beach nourishment involved depositing sand from offshore sources directly onto eroding beaches. Jackson's innovative method, termed nearshore nourishment , shifted the deposition zone to the nearshore area. This method, developed on the Gold Coast, allows natural wave processes to distribute the sand, offering a more sustainable and effective approach to beach replenishment. Such pilot projects and their subsequent monitoring have enriched the field of coastal engineering. They've provided invaluable insights, refined methodologies, and underscored the importance of adaptability in the face of dynamic coastal challenges. Managing the Coastline: A Journey towards Coastal Resilience Taking care of the coastline is like taking care of a living thing. It takes constant work, the ability to adapt, and a deep understanding of how natural processes and human actions affect each other. When carefully planned and put into action, coastal management strategies can make coastal areas much more resilient, allowing them to thrive even as environmental problems get worse. The Gold Coast in Australia is a great example of how good coastal management can change things. Over the years, many different plans have been used to deal with problems like beach erosion, storm damage, and rising sea levels. Building groynes, coming up with new ways to nourish beaches, and creating man-made reefs like the Narrowneck Reef have all been very important in making the Gold Coast stronger and more resilient. By keeping a careful balance between environmental, recreational, and protective goals, the Gold Coast is a shining example for other coastal areas that want to make their coastlines more adaptive and long-lasting. The Future of Coastal Engineering As we venture into the heart of the 21st century, coastal engineering stands at the crossroads of innovation and adaptation. Here's a glimpse into the future: 1. Embracing Green Engineering: "Soft" solutions will be used more and more along with traditional "hard" solutions like sea walls and breakwaters. Using natural materials and ecosystems, like mangroves and oyster reefs, to make living shorelines that protect the coast and increase biodiversity is part of this. Encouraging Nature Based Solutions , like the Noosa River Oyster Reef Project is something that ICM integrate into our design approach. 2. Innovative Technology: Engineers will be able to more accurately predict how the coast will change thanks to improvements in technology, AI, and modeling tools. Drones and pictures taken by satellites will also help keep an eye on and manage coastal areas. At ICM we have been using drones (both aerial and hydrographic) over the years to improve our on-site data recording ablitites. While for desktop studies, the improvement in 'citizen science' technologies like the "Coast Snap" app are providing useful data that can feed into our designs. 3. Sustainable Urban Planning With a significant portion of the world's population living near coasts, there's an impending need for sustainable coastal urbanization. This involves creating resilient infrastructure that can withstand extreme events and sea-level rise. At ICM we always involved in adaptive and resilient coastal projects, though see the need for greater reliance as we head into the near future. 4. Collaborative Efforts As coastal challenges become increasingly global, international collaboration will be paramount. Sharing knowledge, technology, and best practices will drive global resilience. The development of "Knowledge Hubs" such as the Gold Coast's own developed by Griffith Coastal Management Department is critical. 5. Education and Advocacy: Coastal engineers will play a vital role in educating policymakers, stakeholders, and the general public about the importance of sustainable coastal management. This will ensure informed decision-making and greater community involvement. Coastal Engineering Solutions Coastal engineering, deeply rooted in its rich history, is evolving rapidly to meet the challenges of today and tomorrow. If you're in search of a coastal engineering firm that not only understands the legacy of the past but also has its eyes set on the future, International Coastal Management is your ideal partner. Join us as we shape the future of our coastlines, ensuring they remain vibrant, safe, and resilient for generations to come.